Cited by 247Digital Mental Health InterventionsPsychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionMindfulness and Compassion Interventions

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 31 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial

Open access

Schueller, Stephen M, Parks, Acacia C·2012·Journal of Medical Internet Research

DOI 10.2196/jmir.1850PMC PMC3414858

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The recent growth of positive psychology has led to a proliferation in exercises to increase positive thoughts, behaviors, and emotions. Preliminary evidence suggests that these exercises hold promise as an approach for reducing depressive symptoms. These exercises are typically researched in isolation as single exercises. The current study examined the acceptability of several multi-exercise packages using online dissemination. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate methods of dissemination that could increase the acceptability and effectiveness of positive psychology exercises. To achieve this goal, we compared the use of positive psychology exercises when delivered in packages of 2, 4, or 6 exercises. METHODS: Self-help-seeking participants enrolled in this study by visiting an online research portal. Consenting participants were randomly assigned to receive 2, 4, or 6 positive psychology exercises (or assessments only) over a 6-week period. These exercises drew from the content of group positive psychotherapy. Participants visited an automated website that distributed exercise instructions, provided email reminders, and contained the baseline and follow-up assessments. Following each exercise, participants rated their enjoyment of the exercise, answered how often they had used each technique, and completed outcome measures. RESULTS: In total, 1364 individuals consented to participate. Attrition rates across the 2-, 4-, and 6-exercise conditions were similar at 55.5% (181/326), 55.8% (203/364), and 52.7% (168/319) respectively but were significantly greater than the attrition rate of 42.5% (151/355) for the control condition (χ(2)(3) = 16.40, P < .001). Participants in the 6-exercise condition were significant more likely than participants in the 4-exercise condition to use both the third (F(1,312) = 5.61, P = .02) and fourth (F(1,313 )= 6.03, P = .02) exercises. For 5 of the 6 exercises, enjoyment was related to continued use of the exercise at 6-week follow-up (r's = .12 to .39). All conditions produced significant reductions in depressive symptoms (F(1,656) = 94.71, P < .001); however, a significant condition by time interaction (F(3,656) = 4.77, P = .003) indicated that this reduction was larger in the groups that received 2 or 4 exercises compared with the 6-exercise or control condition. CONCLUSION: Increasing the number of exercises presented to participants increased the use of the techniques and did not increase dropout. Participants may be more likely to use these skills when presented with a variety of options. Increasing the number of exercises delivered to participants produced a curvilinear relationship with those in the 2- and 4-exercise conditions reporting larger decreases in depressive symptoms than participants in the 6-exercise or control conditions. Although research generally offers a single exercise to test isolate effects, this study supports that studying variability in dissemination can produce important findings.

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Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This online randomized trial compared dissemination of 2, 4, or 6 positive psychology exercises versus assessment-only control over 6 weeks. More exercises increased use without increasing dropout, but depressive symptom reductions were larger in the 2- and 4-exercise conditions than in the 6-exercise or control conditions.

Key findings

Of 1364 consenting participants, attrition was similar across active conditions—55.5% (181/326) for 2 exercises, 55.8% (203/364) for 4 exercises, and 52.7% (168/319) for 6 exercises—but significantly greater than the 42.5% (151/355) control attrition (χ²₃=16.40, P<.001).
Participants in the 6-exercise condition were significantly more likely than those in the 4-exercise condition to use the third (F₁,₃₁₂=5.61, P=.02) and fourth (F₁,₃₁₃=6.03, P=.02) exercises; mean usage days were 6.1 (SD 3.56), 7.94 (SD 4.77), and 12.1 (SD 7.36) for the 2-, 4-, and 6-exercise conditions.
For 5 of the 6 exercises, enjoyment was related to continued use at 6-week follow-up (r’s=.12 to .39, P’s<.05).
All conditions produced significant reductions in depressive symptoms (F₁,₆₅₆=94.71, P<.001), but a significant condition-by-time interaction (F₃,₆₅₆=4.77, P=.003) indicated larger reductions in the 2- and 4-exercise conditions than in the 6-exercise or control conditions; estimated marginal CES-D means were 12.31, 11.95, 15.89, and 14.53 for the 2-, 4-, 6-exercise, and control groups.

Methods

Self-help–seeking participants enrolled through an online research portal associated with the University of Pennsylvania’s Positive Psychology Center and Seligman’s *Authentic Happiness*; 1364 consented and were randomly assigned to receive 2, 4, or 6 positive psychology exercises or assessments only over 6 weeks.
Exercises were drawn from group positive psychotherapy and delivered in a fixed order: three good things, strengths, gratitude visit, savoring, active-constructive responding, and life summary; participants completed baseline and weekly assessments, including the 20-item CES-D.
Analyses included chi-square tests comparing attrition across conditions, repeated measures ANCOVA on completers controlling for baseline depressive symptoms, and regressions testing whether days of exercise use mediated changes in depressive symptoms.

Limitations

Stated: the sample was overwhelmingly female, highly affluent, and well educated, and was not representative of the world population; recruitment through a positive psychology book website and the University of Pennsylvania Positive Psychology Center may have contributed to this.
Stated: because content was delivered through an automated system, the authors could not be sure participants actually read and understood the instructions; exercises were also delivered one per week over subsequent weeks, whereas real-world users may receive several activities at once and use them at will.
Evident from the text: high attrition and the use of completer-only efficacy analyses may bias results, and adherence was based on self-report rather than objective tracking.

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Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2196/jmir.1850

Cites

35 of 35 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

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Claims the paper makes

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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Estimated marginal means in the CES-D were 12.31, 11.95, 15.89, and 14.53 for the 2-, 4-, and 6-exercise groups and control condition, respectively.”
§ Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial > Results > Efficacy of Exercises
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Rests on an assumption: The completers (participants who completed the pretest and posttest measures) are representative of the randomized sample, so that analyses of completers yield unbiased estimates of intervention effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A significant main effect of time (F 1,656 = 94.71, P < .001) demonstrates that depression scores dropped over time in all conditions.”
§ Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial > Results > Efficacy of Exercises
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Rests on an assumption: The completers (participants who completed the pretest and posttest measures) are representative of the randomized sample, so that analyses of completers yield unbiased estimates of intervention effects.

Show all 38 claims

It may state two separate claims as one. 27
Probably not a substantial claim. 15

A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither term was significant, suggesting that the number of days of engagement did not relate to changes in depressive symptoms.”
§ Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial > Results > Efficacy of Exercises
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The completers (participants who completed the pretest and posttest measures) are representative of the randomized sample, so that analyses of completers yield unbiased estimates of intervention effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These analyses showed that at the end of the intervention period, participants in both the 2-exercise condition and the 4-exercise condition reported significantly fewer depressive symptoms than those in the 6-exercise condition and numerically (but not significantly) lower than participants in the control condition.”
§ Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial > Results > Efficacy of Exercises
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The completers (participants who completed the pretest and posttest measures) are representative of the randomized sample, so that analyses of completers yield unbiased estimates of intervention effects.
In the paper
“Compared with students assigned to an assessment-only control group, students assigned to group PPT experienced significantly greater symptom reduction and improvements in life satisfaction, and these improvements remained at the 1-year follow-up [24].”
§ Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial > Introduction > The Efficacy of Positive Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increasing the number of exercises presented to participants increased the use of the techniques and did not increase dropout.”
§ Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial > Abstract > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The attrition rates in the exercise conditions being similar to each other, despite being higher than the control condition, can be interpreted as increasing the number of exercises did not increase dropout.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis demonstrated that compared with control conditions, positive interventions lead to reliable and moderate boosts in well-being and improvements in depressive symptoms [23].”
§ Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial > Introduction > The Efficacy of Positive Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] source
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Indeed, this effect remained even when controlling for baseline levels of depressive symptoms, suggesting that positive mental health is different from merely the absence of psychological distress [16].”
§ Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial > Introduction > The Potential of Positive Psychology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Keyes, CL, 2002, J Health Soc Behav source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The gratitude visit produced the largest initial gains in happiness; however, at three months, these participants were no happier than they had been at baseline.”
§ Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial > Introduction > Positive Psychology Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Participants who practiced using their signature strengths each day showed increase happiness and decreased depressive symptoms compared with participants in a placebo control group that wrote about early memories.”
§ Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial > Introduction > Positive Psychology Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The gratitude journaling or the three good things exercise did not display benefits for participants until one month after the intervention, but these participants maintained these gains at 3- and 6-month follow-ups.”
§ Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial > Introduction > Positive Psychology Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gratitude, for example, promotes both the formation and the upkeep of friendships [10].”
§ Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial > Introduction > The Potential of Positive Psychology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“College students who noted good things reported increased levels of positive affect, increased levels of exercise, better sleep quality, and fewer physical symptoms compared with a control condition where participants wrote about daily hassles.”
§ Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial > Introduction > Positive Psychology Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Emmons, RA, 2003, J Pers Soc Psychol source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The three good things exercise was even integrated into Facebook through an application that provided users with tools to complete the gratitude journaling online and share with friends in their network [29].”
§ Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial > Introduction > Taking Positive Psychology Online
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“People who tended to reflect on the positive moments of their life reported increased ability to savor life and had higher levels of positive emotions [22].”
§ Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial > Introduction > Positive Psychology Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Indeed, the vast literature on choice suggests that although multiple options are beneficial, the relationship between choice and human happiness is curvilinear with too many options actually leading to various psychological and economic factors (time trade-offs, remorse, rumination, etc) that decrease psychological well-being [37].”
§ Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Schwartz, B, 2002, J Pers Soc Psychol source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests a curvilinear relationship such that some exercises are better than none but that 6 exercises was associated with fewer gains.”
§ Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The completers (participants who completed the pretest and posttest measures) are representative of the randomized sample, so that analyses of completers yield unbiased estimates of intervention effects.
In the paper
“Reminiscence interventions lead to a variety of emotional benefits, especially among elderly individuals.”
§ Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial > Introduction > Positive Psychology Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Past research in positive psychology interventions has found that variety is an important moderator of intervention gains and that several techniques are more effective than a single technique [23,36].”
§ Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] source
- Not checked yetcites [36] Tkach, CT, 2006, Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other programs that have combined content from individual exercises into longer and more involved intervention packages have been delivered in a variety of settings including schools and have also been delivered to military personnel [25,26].”
§ Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial > Introduction > The Efficacy of Positive Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] source
- Not checked yetcites [26] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“During the baseline assessment and at each weekly follow-up, participants also completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D), a 20-item self-report scale designed to measure the current level of depressive symptoms [33].”
§ Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial > Methods > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

35 of 35

The paper relies on this without support.
The positive psychology exercises used in group PPT can be effectively translated to an online self-help format.
“The design of the investigation that we report in this paper translated the individual exercises used in group PPT for online dissemination.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Self-help-seeking participants who enroll via an online research portal are an appropriate population for testing the acceptability and effectiveness of positive psychology exercises.
“Self-help–seeking participants enrolled in this study by visiting an online research portal.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The meta-analysis finding that packages with multiple positive psychology strategies have higher effect sizes applies to online self-help positive psychology exercises.
“consistent with the findings of the meta-analysis of positive interventions, we predicted that participants receiving more exercises would experience greater benefits.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The attrition rates in the exercise conditions being similar to each other, despite being higher than the control condition, can be interpreted as increasing the number of exercises did not increase dropout.
“Attrition rates across the 2-, 4-, and 6-exercise conditions were similar at 55.5% (181/326), 55.8% (203/364), and 52.7% (168/319) respectively but were significantly greater than the attrition rate of 42.5% (151/355) for the control condition (χ2 3 = 16.40, P < .001).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The package of positive psychology exercises used in the study had been previously validated.
“The main aim of this study was to translate a previously validated package of positive psychology exercises for online dissemination.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The completers (participants who completed the pretest and posttest measures) are representative of the randomized sample, so that analyses of completers yield unbiased estimates of intervention effects.
“Given the high rates of attrition in Internet-based studies, we conducted analyses of the completers, that is, participants who completed the pretest and posttest measures.”

6 of 6

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Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

Discussion claims significant benefits over control that the results deny
Major
The Discussion says the 2- and 4-exercise groups had significant reductions compared with the control group, but the Results state that their depressive-symptom scores were only numerically, not significantly, lower than control.

1 of 1

The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
Positive psychology: An introduction.
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.5 · Cited by 11,351 · cited 1×
“Positive psychology focuses on factors that help promote optimal well-being and investigates the functional consequences of these states [7].”
Background
Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316 · Cited by 7,272 · cited 1×
“Consistent findings suggest that stronger social relationships reduce mortality and help us cope with life stressors [12].”
Background
The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803 · Cited by 7,143 · cited 1×
“Experimental and longitudinal studies have found that increased positive emotions lead to social, occupational, and health benefits [9].”
Background
Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification
Morrow, C. E. (2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-0624 · Cited by 6,166 · cited 1×
“” A signature strength is based on a classification of positive characteristics of individuals that are morally valued in general, that are fulfilling, and that are trait-like [21].”
Background
Positive Psychology Progress: Empirical Validation of Interventions.
Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.60.5.410 · Cited by 5,947 · cited 4×
“One study comparing five different positive psychology exercises head-to-head used two different gratitude-boosting strategies [20].”
BackgroundInfluential
Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-Being
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-7217 · Cited by 5,543
The mental health continuum: from languishing to flourishing in life.
Keyes, C. L. M. (2002) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/3090197 · Cited by 5,133 · cited 1×
“Indeed, this effect remained even when controlling for baseline levels of depressive symptoms, suggesting that positive mental health is different from merely the absence of psychological distress [16].”
Background
Resilient Individuals Use Positive Emotions to Bounce Back From Negative Emotional Experiences.
Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320 · Cited by 3,947 · cited 1×
“Furthermore, psychological well-being in general, and positive emotion in particular, appear to promote meaning-making in stressful situations, which in turn leads to more effective coping [13].”
Background
Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life.
Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.84.2.377 · Cited by 3,826 · cited 1×
“One exercise designed to increase gratitude asks participants to reflect each day on three good things that happened by writing these things down in a journal [18].”
Background

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Show all 37 references

2 of the 37 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 3

Seligman, ME, 2002, Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment
Parks, AC, 2012, Emotion, in press
Tkach, CT, 2006, Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering

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Session Nine: Hope and Optimism
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.003.0015
Session Seven: Maximizing versus Satisficing
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.003.0013
Session Fourteen: Altruism
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.003.0020
Session Eight: Gratitude
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.003.0014
Session Thirteen: Positive Communication
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.003.0019
فعاليةُ برنامجٍ إرشاديٍ قائمٍ على نموذجِ PERMA لسيلجمانْ في تحسينِ الازدهارِ النفسيِ لدى معلمي التربيةِ الخاصةِ
الأشرم, ر. إ. م. (2022) · مجلة التربية الخاصة · doi:10.21608/mtkh.2022.283500
Online app to develop positive affect in adolescents - Positive Approaches to Life: A Smartphone-Administered Self-Help Program for Adolescents
Hudson, S. (2015) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17068370.v1
Eine Metaanalyse
Strebel, A., Tantik, M. A. S., & Braun, O. L. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65454-5_13 · Cited by 1
Jornada de actualización en Psicología educativa: Nuevos retos, Nuevas prácticas
Caracas, U. M. D. (2021) · Almanaque · doi:10.58479/almanaque.2021.21
Uso de la gamificación aplicada al empoderamiento y prevención del consumo de alcohol en menores de edad
de la Rosa, P. A. (2020) · doi:10.15581/10171/66689
Relaxation #amp; Mindfulness Practices
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.005.0001
Building Your Strengths
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.005.0004
Forms #amp; Worksheets
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.005.0005
Online Appendix of Positive Clinical Psychology Resources
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.005.0006
Gratitude Journal
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.005.0002
Preface
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.002.0007
Copyright Page
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.002.0003
Dedication
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.002.0006
Supporting the transition to higher education: examination of state- and trait-level effects of a multicomponent positive psychological intervention for university students
Ewert, C., Palme, L., Voigt, W. H. A., & Tomczyk, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1631713
Investigating the Effect of Stress Inoculation Training on the Emotional Adjustment of Male Junior High School Students: A Quasi-experimental Study
Jalalabadi, E., Rahimi, S., Taheri, I., Ramezani, M., & Matourypour, P. (2025) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs-160142
“Psychological exercises have also been found to be effective in improving positive attitudes and reducing hopelessness (32).”
Precision streamlining of a school-based attention training program: a strategy for balancing feasibility and potency
Mrazek, A. J., Texter, A. R., Jennings, J. K., Podell, J. R., Zapalac, K., Maul, A., Rutila, B. A., Trotter, A. N., Woodson, E. J., Zhu, Y., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1660005
The effect of PPIs in improving college students’ well-being: a systematic literature review
Jingwei, Z., & Nen, S. B. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-09153-y · Cited by 1
“Positive psychologists have developed various exercises and interventions to enhance well-being (Seligman et al., 2005; Schueller & Parks, 2012 ).”
Approche psychologique des personnes atteintes d'hémopathies et inscrites dans un processus de greffe de cellules souches hématopoiétiques (CSH) : identification des facteurs socio-psychologiques impliqués dans l’état de santé mentale et physique aux différents stades du processus et développement d’un programme d’intervention adapté
Corman, M. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/74a76275z07abz47d6zb249z4ba89cead767
Co-creating adappt: A Smartphone application to enhance the mental well-being and ability to adapt of parents of neurodivergent children
Tönis, K. J. M., Drossaert, C. H. C., ten Klooster, P. M., Segers, J., Keren, N., Staal, W., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2026) · Research in Neurodiversity · doi:10.1016/j.rin.2026.100050
References
Fortuna, P. (2026) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394399680.refs

Authors: Schueller, S. M., & Parks, A. C.
Affiliations: University of Pennsylvania (US)
Hiram College (US)
Corresponding author: Schueller, Stephen M
ORCID: Schueller, Stephen M
Parks, Acacia C
Venue: Journal of Medical Internet Research
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Published: 2012-06-25
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Pages: e63
ISSN: 1438-8871 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2196/jmir.1850
PMC: PMC3414858
OpenAlex: W2084068173
Semantic Scholar: 2dda3ab86fbc9b438f331e01cd997bd1a766165d
Cited by: 246
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 23.47
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Journal of Medical Internet Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: University of Pennsylvania
University of California, San Francisco
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Keywords: self-help, digital dissemination, depressive symptoms, attrition, exercise enjoyment, digital mental health interventions, dissemination of evidence-based interventions, email reminders, exercise duration, exercise frequency
MeSH terms: Online Systems, Psychology, Self Care

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Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial

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