The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Psychological Assessment via the Internet: A Reliability and Validity Study of Online (vs Paper-and-Pencil) Versions of the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) and the Symptoms Check-List-90-Revised (SCL-90-R)
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Internet psychology services are rapidly increasing and that implies online assessment. To guarantee the results of these new online evaluation procedures, it is necessary to have reliable and valid assessment tools. OBJECTIVE: In this work we analyzed the online versions of two popular psychopathology screening questionnaires: the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) and the Symptoms Check-List-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). METHODS: A total of 185 psychology students were recruited from two universities in Madrid, Spain. All of them had Internet access at home. A test-retest situation and factorial analysis were used to generate reliability and validity data. Both paper-and-pencil questionnaires (test) and their online versions (retest) were completed by 100 participants (median gap = 17 days). RESULTS: Results suggest that both online questionnaires were fairly equivalent to their paper-and-pencil versions, with higher reliability values for the SCL-90-R. Factorial analysis tended to reproduce the structure shown in former investigations of both questionnaires, replicating the four-factor structure of the GHQ-28 but failing to do so with the nine-factor structure of the SCL-90-R. Instead, a large unrotated factor appeared. CONCLUSIONS: Further research should be carried out to confirm these data, but our work supports the online use of both assessment tools. The psychometric properties of the online version of GHQ-28 is similar to the paper-and-pencil and we can recommend its utilization in a Web environment. In contrast, SCL-90-R can only be recommended as a global index for psychological distress, using the Global Severity Index (GSI), not necessarily its subscales; and it should be considered that the online scores were lower than the ones with the paper-and-pencil version.
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Cites
Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.452 · Cited by 4,693
The online disinhibition effect
Suler, J. (2004) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/1094931041291295 · Cited by 4,375
The Symptom Check-List-90-R (SCL-90-R): A German validation study
Schmitz, N., Hartkamp, N., Kiuse, J., Franke, G. H., Reister, G., & Tress, W. (2000) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1023/a:1008931926181 · Cited by 430 · cited 5×
“In our case, the more parsimonious interpretation matches the conclusions of several articles: even when the proposed solution has more than a factor [22], the high variance percentage explained by the first factor should lead to consideration of the total score as a general dimension of psychopathology [26].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialInternet Versus Mailed Questionnaires: A Randomized Comparison
Ritter, P., Lorig, K., Laurent, D., & Matthews, K. (2004) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.6.3.e29 · Cited by 427 · cited 1×
“In that sense, a growing number of computerized or online questionnaires related to areas such as panic/agoraphobia [3], youth independence living [7], aggression and impulsivity [8], quality of life in diabetes [9], and a battery of 16 other health-related questionnaires [10] have already been studied.”
BackgroundTreatment of panic disorder: live therapy vs. self-help via the Internet
Carlbring, P., Nilsson-Ihrfelt, E., Waara, J., Kollenstam, C., Buhrman, M., Kaldo, V., Söderberg, M., Ekselius, L., & Andersson, G. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.10.002 · Cited by 372 · cited 1×
“Nowadays, online assessment is becoming necessary as clinical psychology is considering the Internet as a medium through which therapy and counseling can be offered [1].”
BackgroundCarlbring, P., Brunt, S., Bohman, S., Austin, D., Richards, J., Öst, L.-G., & Andersson, G. (2007) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2005.05.002 · Cited by 319 · cited 2×
“In that sense, a growing number of computerized or online questionnaires related to areas such as panic/agoraphobia [3], youth independence living [7], aggression and impulsivity [8], quality of life in diabetes [9], and a battery of 16 other health-related questionnaires [10] have already been studied.”
BackgroundHerrero, J., & Meneses, J. (2006) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2004.03.007 · Cited by 222
Internet-based Questionnaire Assessment: Appropriate Use in Clinical Contexts
Buchanan, T. (2003) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070310000957 · Cited by 168 · cited 2×
“It has already been shown how easy it is to create a website containing tools to assess psychological problems or constructs [2].”
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Cited by
van de Poll-Franse, L. V., Horevoorts, N., Eenbergen, M. V., Denollet, J., Roukema, J. A., Aaronson, N. K., Vingerhoets, A., Coebergh, J. W., de Vries, J., Essink-Bot, M.-L., et al. (2011) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2011.04.034 · Cited by 398
Díaz-García, A., González-Robles, A., Mor, S., Mira, A., Quero, S., García-Palacios, A., Baños, R. M., & Botella, C. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-2472-1 · Cited by 207
Validation of the insomnia severity index as a web-based measure
Thorndike, F. P., Ritterband, L. M., Saylor, D. K., Magee, J. C., Gonder-Frederick, L. A., & Morin, C. M. (2011) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2011.606766 · Cited by 186
Ruwaard, J., Schrieken, B., Schrijver, M., Broeksteeg, J., Dekker, J., Vermeulen, H., & Lange, A. (2009) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070802408086 · Cited by 183
Litalien, D., Morin, A. J. S., Gagné, M., Vallerand, R. J., Losier, G. F., & Ryan, R. M. (2017) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2017.06.010 · Cited by 163
Metadata
- Authors
- Vallejo, M. A., Jordán, C. M., Díaz, M. I., Comeche, M. I., & Ortega, J.
- Venue
- Journal of Medical Internet Research
- Publisher
- JMIR Publications Inc.
- Published
- 2007-01-31
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e2
- ISSN
- 1438-8871 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2011948490
- Cited by
- 214
- References
- 8
- FWCI
- 14.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Psychological Assessment via the Internet: A Reliability and Validity Study of Online (vs Paper-and-Pencil) Versions of the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) and the Symptoms Check-List-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2196/jmir.9.1.e2
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- Vallejo, M. A., Jordán, C. M., Díaz, M. I., Comeche, M. I., & Ortega, J. (2007). Psychological Assessment via the Internet: A Reliability and Validity Study of Online (vs Paper-and-Pencil) Versions of the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) and the Symptoms Check-List-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). Journal of Medical Internet Research. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.9.1.e2
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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