Internet vs. paper and pencil administration of questionnaires commonly used in panic/agoraphobia research
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Online questionnaires offer advantages over traditional data collection strategies, such as missing data can be handled better, and the assessment is easy and immediate.
“Some of these advantages are that missing data can be handled better, and the assessment is easy and immediate [101]”
Research results encourage the use of online questionnaires because they offer advantages over traditional data collection strategies.
“Research results encourage the use of online questionnaires because they offer advantages over traditional data collection strategies [101, 102].”
Other studies have demonstrated the usefulness of Internet and telephone assessments and their concordance with traditional face-to-face assessment.
“However, other studies have demonstrated the usefulness of Internet and telephone assessments, and their concordance with traditional face-to-face assessment (87–90).”
Online questionnaires are feasible and work as well as paper and pencil questionnaires.
“research has consistently shown that this administration format is feasible and works as well as paper and pencil questionnaires [39].”
From The promise and pitfalls of the internet for cognitive behavioral therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [39]
The outcome measures used in the trial have been shown to have good psychometric properties when administered via the Internet.
“The outcome measures used in the trial have been shown to have good psychometric properties when administered via the Internet [29]”
From Individually Tailored Internet-Based Treatment for Young Adults and Adults With Panic Attacks: Randomized Controlled Trial (2012) · cites this paper as [29]
Cites
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032 · see citing works
An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties.
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.6.893 · Cited by 14,407 · see citing works
A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change
Montgomery, S. A., & Åsberg, M. (1979) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.134.4.382 · Cited by 13,962 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Carbin, M. G. (1988) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5 · Cited by 11,696 · see citing works
(2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/springerreference_179754 · Cited by 2,095 · see citing works
Chambless, D. L., Caputo, G. C., Bright, P., & Gallagher, R. (1984) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.52.6.1090 · Cited by 1,247 · see citing works
Chambless, D. L., Caputo, G. C., Bright, P., & Gallagher, R. (1984) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.52.6.1090 · Cited by 1,247 · see citing works
Frisch, M. B., Cornell, J., Villanueva, M., & Retzlaff, P. J. (1992) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.92 · Cited by 1,075 · see citing works
The Mobility Inventory for Agoraphobia
Chambless, D. L., Caputo, G. C., Jasin, S. E., Gracely, E. J., & Williams, C. (1985) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(85)90140-8 · Cited by 775 · see citing works
Svanborg, P., & Åsberg, M. (1994) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01480.x · Cited by 693 · see citing works
World-Wide Web survey research: Benefits, potential problems, and solutions
Schmidt, W. C. (1997) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03204826 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Practitioner’s Guide to Empirically Based Measures of Anxiety
(2001) · AABT Clinical Assessment Series · doi:10.1007/b108176 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Statistics As Principled Argument
Abelson, R. P. (2012) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410601155 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Psychological Experiments on the Internet
(2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-099980-4.x5000-x · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Reips, U. (2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012099980-4/50005-8 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Statistics as Principled Argument
Fricker, R. D., & Abelson, R. P. (1996) · The American Statistician · doi:10.2307/2684678 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Treatment of panic disorder: live therapy vs. self-help via the Internet
Carlbring, P., Nilsson-Ihrfelt, E., Waara, J., Kollenstam, C., Buhrman, M., Kaldo, V., Söderberg, M., Ekselius, L., & Andersson, G. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.10.002 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Self-citationA meta-analysis of self-help treatment approaches
Gould, R. A., & Clum, G. A. (1993) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(93)90039-o · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Andersson, G. (2002) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000031577.42041.f8 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Self-citationInternet-Based Treatment for Insomnia: A Controlled Evaluation.
Ström, L., Pettersson, R., & Andersson, G. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.1.113 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Self-citationTreatment of panic disorder via the internet: A randomized trial of a self-help program
Carlbring, P., Westling, B. E., Ljungstrand, P., Ekselius, L., & Andersson, G. (2001) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(01)80019-8 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Self-citationTreatment of panic disorder via the Internet: a randomized trial of CBT vs. applied relaxation
Carlbring, P., Ekselius, L., & Andersson, G. (2003) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0005-7916(03)00026-0 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Self-citationGillis, M. M., Haaga, D. A. F., & Ford, G. T. (1995) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.4.450 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Online assessment: Desirable or dangerous?
Buchanan, T. (2002) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.33.2.148 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Andersson, G., Kaldo, V., Ström, L., & Strömgren, T. (2003) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00575-5 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Self-citationInternet-based Questionnaire Assessment: Appropriate Use in Clinical Contexts
Buchanan, T. (2003) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070310000957 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
A BRIEF INTERNET-BASED TREATMENT FOR PANIC DISORDER
Klein, B., & Richards, J. C. (2001) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465801001138 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationReed, V., & Wittchen, H. (1998) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3956(98)00014-4 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Research on the Internet: Validation of a World-Wide Web mediated personality scale
Buchanan, T., & Smith, J. L. (1999) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03200736 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The making of a personality inventory: Help from the WWW
Pasveer, K. A., & Ellard, J. H. T. (1998) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03200659 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
The Web Experiment Method: Advantages, disadvantages, and solutions
Reips, U. (2000) · Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) · doi:10.5167/uzh-19760 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Internet-based treatment for panic disorder
Richards, J., Klein, B., & Carlbring, P. (2003) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070302318 · Cited by 82 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Although self-help approaches have been developed and evaluated previously (e.g., Gould & Clum, 1993), it was only recently that researchers begun to explore the feasibility of administering self-help treatment with minimal therapist intervention using the Internet (Richards et al., 2003).”
BackgroundSelf-citationExtension and Replication of an Internet-Based Treatment Program for Panic Disorder
Richards, J. C., & Alvarenga, M. E. (2002) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070252823652 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationFebbraro, G. A. R., Clum, G. A., Roodman, A. A., & Wright, J. H. (1999) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(99)80004-5 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The fear of fear concept: Stability, retest artefact and predictive power
Arrindell, W. A. (1993) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(93)90065-3 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Is the Internet-administered CIDI-SF Equivalent to a Clinician-administered SCID Interview?
Carlbring, P., Forslin, P., Ljungstrand, P., Willebrand, M., Strandlund, C., Ekselius, L., & Andersson, G. (2002) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/165060702321138573 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationInternet-Based Telehealth System for the Treatment of Agoraphobia
Alcañíz, M., Botella, C., Baños, R., Perpiñá, C., Solaz, B. R., Lozano, J. A., Guillén, V., Barrera, F., & Gil, J. A. (2003) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/109493103322278727 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
de Beurs, E., Wilson, K. A., Chambless, D. L., Goldstein, A. J., & Feske, U. (1997) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6394(1997)6:4
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Computer-based psychological treatments for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Richards, D., & Richardson, T. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.02.004 · Cited by 1,442 · see citing works
“However, research to date comparing different administrations of standard instruments have yielded similar results (Carlbring et al., 2007).”
ResultHoule, D., Govindaraju, D. R., & Omholt, S. W. (2010) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2897 · Cited by 1,276 · see citing works
“For humans, web-based tools to recover behavioural data from volunteer subjects may prove particularly effectiv”
BackgroundAdvantages and limitations of Internet-based interventions for common mental disorders
Andersson, G., & Titov, N. (2014) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20083 · Cited by 1,160 · see citing works
Self-citationThe economic and social burden of compulsive hoarding
Tolin, D. F., Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., Gray, K. D., & Fitch, K. E. (2008) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.08.008 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
“Although several studies now show that data collection over the internet yields results comparable to those using a paper-and-pencil format (Carlbring et al., 2007; Coles et al., 2007; Gosling et al., 2004), a clinical interview might be more reliable and valid than are self-report measures of…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialTitov, N., Andrews, G., Davies, M., McIntyre, K., Robinson, E., & Solley, K. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010939 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
“All of these measures are considered reliable, valid, and appropriate for clinical and research purposes, with recent research indicating that online administration of questionnaires results in acceptable reliability of responses [40,41].”
BackgroundLy, K. H., Ly, A.-M., & Andersson, G. (2017) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2017.10.002 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Self-citationTreatment of panic disorder: live therapy vs. self-help via the Internet
Carlbring, P., Nilsson-Ihrfelt, E., Waara, J., Kollenstam, C., Buhrman, M., Kaldo, V., Söderberg, M., Ekselius, L., & Andersson, G. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.10.002 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
“The internal consistency on a Swedish panic-sample was excellent (a ¼ 0:90) and the test–retest reliability was high (r ¼ 0:94; Carlbring et al., 2004).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationComputer- vs. paper-based tasks: Are they equivalent?
Noyes, J. M., & Garland, K. J. (2008) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140130802170387 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
“For example, Finegan and Allen (1994), Lankford et al. (1994), Peterson et al. (1996), Tseng et al. (1997), Schwartz et al. (1998) and Carlbring et al. (2007) all found that the computerised versions of their tests produced significantly different results from their paper counterparts.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialTitov, N., Dear, B. F., McMillan, D., Anderson, T., Zou, J., & Sunderland, M. (2011) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2010.550059 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
“Recent research indicates that online administration of questionnaires results in acceptable reliability of responses (Carlbring et al., 2007; Donker, van Straten,Marks, &Cuijpers, 2010; Garb, 2007; Hedman et al., 2010), with no reported differences between administration that involves presenting…”
BackgroundTransdiagnostic internet treatment for anxiety and depression: a randomised controlled trial
Titov, N., Dear, B. F., Schwencke, G., Andrews, G., Johnston, L., Craske, M. G., & McEvoy, P. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.03.007 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Carlbring, P., Gunnarsdóttir, M., Hedensjö, L., Andersson, G., Ekselius, L., & Furmark, T. (2007) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.020107 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
“Internet administration of questionnaires has generally resulted in adequate psychometric properties (see Carlbring et al, 2007).”
Self-citationFamily burden of compulsive hoarding: Results of an internet survey
Tolin, D. F., Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., & Fitch, K. E. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.12.008 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
“Equivalence of internet and paper-and-pencil measurement has been established in clinical disorders, including anxiety (Carlbring et al., 2007) and OCD (Coles, Cook, & Blake, 2007); in these studies, participants completed the same measures in paperand-pencil and internet formats, and results did not differ.”
MethodRobinson, E., Titov, N., Andrews, G., McIntyre, K., Schwencke, G., & Solley, K. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010942 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
“All of these measures are considered reliable, valid, and appropriate for clinical and research purposes, with recent research indicating that online administration of questionnaires results in acceptable reliability of responses [39,40].”
BackgroundBuhrman, M., Skoglund, A., Husell, J., Bergström, K., Gordh, T., Hursti, T., Bendelin, N., Furmark, T., & Andersson, G. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.02.010 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
“QOLI has further been validated in an internet sample with similar psychometric properties to those reported involving paper and pencil administration (Carlbring et al., 2007).”
Self-citationJohansson, R., Sjöberg, E., Sjögren, M., Johnsson, E., Carlbring, P., Andersson, T., Rousseau, A., & Andersson, G. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036905 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
“These results suggest that baseline depression severity may moderate response even in different variants of Internet-delivered CBT (ICBT).”
InfluentialSelf-citationLjótsson, B., Falk, L., Vesterlund, A. W., Hedman, E., Lindfors, P., Rück, C., Hursti, T., Andréewitch, S., Jansson, L., Lindefors, N., et al. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.003 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Self-citationDonker, T., van Straten, A., Marks, I., & Cuijpers, P. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.01.016 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
“One possible explanation for this finding is that people sometimes disclose more sensitive information in computer-based compared to face-to-face interviews (Buchanan, 2002; Carlbring et al., 2007; Joinson, 1999), hence higher mean scores, and consequently higher cut-off scores on questionnaires may be needed.”
BackgroundLy, K. H., Trüschel, A., Jarl, L., Magnusson, S., Windahl, T., Johansson, R., Carlbring, P., & Andersson, G. (2014) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003440 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Self-citationCarlbring, P., Bohman, S., Brunt, S., Buhrman, M., Westling, B. E., Ekselius, L., & Andersson, G. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.12.2119 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Self-citationGuided and unguided self-help for social anxiety disorder: randomised controlled trial
Furmark, T., Carlbring, P., Hedman, E., Sonnenstein, A., Clevberger, P., Bohman, B., Eriksson, A., Hållén, A., Frykman, M., Holmström, A., et al. (2009) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.060996 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Self-citationCourse of compulsive hoarding and its relationship to life events
Tolin, D. F., Meunier, S. A., Frost, R. O., & Steketee, G. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20684 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Muehlhausen, W., Doll, H., Quadri, N., Fordham, B., O'Donohoe, P., Dogar, N., & Wild, D. (2015) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-015-0362-x · Cited by 259 · see citing works
“[27] 2007 Web/PC C Y N 494 Panic disorder 37.”
BackgroundIndividually-tailored, internet-based treatment for anxiety disorders: a randomized controlled trial
Carlbring, P., Maurin, L., Törngren, C., Linna, E., Eriksson, T., Sparthan, E., Strååt, M., Marquez von Hage, C., Bergman-Nordgren, L., & Andersson, G. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.10.002 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
“The outcome measures have good psychometric properties even when administered via the Internet (Carlbring et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationVernmark, K., Lenndin, J., Bjärehed, J., Carlsson, M., Karlsson, J., Öberg, J., Carlbring, P., Eriksson, T., & Andersson, G. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.01.005 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
“Internet administered guided self-help versus individualized e-mail therapy: A randomized trial of two versions of CBT for major depression Kristofer Vernmark a,b, Jan Lenndin a, Jonas Bjärehed a,c, Mattias Carlsson a, Johan Karlsson a, Jörgen Öberg a, Per Carlbring a, Thomas Eriksson d, Gerhard Andersson a,e, f,*…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHedman, E., Ljótsson, B., Rück, C., Furmark, T., Carlbring, P., Lindefors, N., & Andersson, G. (2010) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.01.010 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Self-citationVallejo, M., Jordán, C., Díaz, M. I., Comeche, M. I., & Ortega, J. (2007) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9.1.e2 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
“In that sense, a growing number of computerized or online questionnaires related to areas such as panic/agoraphobia [3], youth independence living [7], aggression and impulsivity [8], quality of life in diabetes [9], and a battery of 16 other health-related questionnaires [10] have already been studied.”
BackgroundDíaz-García, A., González-Robles, A., Mor, S., Mira, A., Quero, S., García-Palacios, A., Baños, R. M., & Botella, C. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-2472-1 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Establishing Guidelines for Executing and Reporting Internet Intervention Research
Proudfoot, J., Klein, B., Barak, A., Carlbring, P., Cuijpers, P., Lange, A., Ritterband, L., & Andersson, G. (2011) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2011.573807 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Brunnsviken Brief Quality of Life Scale (BBQ): development and psychometric evaluation
Lindner, P., Frykheden, O., Forsström, D., Andersson, E., Ljótsson, B., Hedman, E., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2016) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2016.1143526 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
“All data were collected online, a method shown to give valid data comparable to traditional pen-and-paper administration (Carlbring et al., 2007; Hedman et al., 2010; Holländare, Andersson, & Engström, 2010; Lindner et al., 2013; Thorndike et al., 2009).”
MethodSelf-citationAndersson, G., Paxling, B., Wiwe, M., Vernmark, K., Felix, C. B., Lundborg, L., Furmark, T., Cuijpers, P., & Carlbring, P. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.05.003 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Self-citationTransdiagnostic Internet treatment for anxiety disorders: A randomized controlled trial
Titov, N., Andrews, G., Johnston, L., Robinson, E., & Spence, J. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.014 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Family Informants’ Perceptions of Insight in Compulsive Hoarding
Tolin, D. F., Fitch, K. E., Frost, R. O., & Steketee, G. S. (2008) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-008-9217-7 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“Equivalence of internet and paper-andpencil measurement has been established in clinical disorders, including anxiety (Carlbring et al. 2007) and OCD (Coles et al. 2007).”
BackgroundA simulation approach on Cronbach's alpha statistical significance
Leontitsis, A., & Pagge, J. (2006) · Mathematics and Computers in Simulation · doi:10.1016/j.matcom.2006.08.001 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Validation of the insomnia severity index as a web-based measure
Thorndike, F. P., Ritterband, L. M., Saylor, D. K., Magee, J. C., Gonder-Frederick, L. A., & Morin, C. M. (2011) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2011.606766 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
“This approach followed similar methods favored by much of the existing Internet assessment literature to establish associations between two versions of a measure (Carlbring et al., 2007; Vallejo, Jordan, Diaz, Comeche, & Ortego, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCarlbring, P., Hägglund, M., Luthström, A., Dahlin, M., Kadowaki, Å., Vernmark, K., & Andersson, G. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.12.020 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Self-citationRandomized trial of internet-delivered self-help with telephone support for pathological gamblers.
Carlbring, P., & Smit, F. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013603 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationShyness 1: Distance Treatment of Social Phobia Over the Internet
Titov, N., Andrews, G., Schwencke, G., Drobny, J., & Einstein, D. (2008) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670802119762 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Holländare, F., Andersson, G., & Engström, I. (2010) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1392 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“In an earlier study [16] with a sample size of 350, the subjects scored significantly higher on the Internet version than on the paper version of the full BDI-II.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialTully, P. J., Zajac, I. T., & Venning, A. J. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9306-4 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
“As recommended elsewhere ( Buckby et al. 2008 ) for each model, the fit statistics reported include the Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR).”
MethodResultInfluentialJohansson, R., Ekbladh, S., Hebert, A., Lindström, M., Möller, S., Petitt, E., Poysti, S., Larsson, M. H., Rousseau, A., Carlbring, P., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038021 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“The measures were administered via the Internet, which has been shown to be a valid format for questionnaires regarding depression and anxiety [17,18].”
MethodSelf-citationEffectiveness of Guided Internet-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Regular Clinical Settings
Andersson, G., & Hedman, E. (2013) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000354779 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“Overall, evidence suggests that psychometric measurement characteristics are maintained when measures are administered online [Carlbring et al., 2007; Hedman et al., 2010], but to our knowledge there is not much written about how well online measures work in routine clinical practice.”
Self-citationIvanova, E., Lindner, P., Ly, K. H., Dahlin, M., Vernmark, K., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.09.012 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationHøifødt, R. S., Lillevoll, K. R., Griffiths, K. M., Wilsgaard, T., Eisemann, M., Waterloo, K., & Kolstrup, N. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2714 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“Equivalent psychometric properties have been shown across paper-and-pencil and online formats of the questionnaire, and the 2 formats are highly correlated [59,67].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialJohnston, L., Titov, N., Andrews, G., Spence, J., & Dear, B. F. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028079 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“Moreover, recent research indicates that online administration of questionnaires results in acceptable reliability of responses with emerging evidence for equivalence between paper-and-pencil versions of self-report questionnaires and online administration [40,41,42,43].”
BackgroundPaxling, B., Almlöv, J., Dahlin, M., Carlbring, P., Breitholtz, E., Eriksson, T., & Andersson, G. (2011) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2011.576699 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“All measures were administered via the Internet, which generally has proven to be acceptable in terms of psychometric properties (Carlbring, Brunt, et al, 2007 ).”
MethodSelf-citationNordgren, L. B., Hedman, E., Etienne, J., Bodin, J., Kadowaki, Å., Eriksson, S., Lindkvist, E., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.007 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“The outcome measures all show good psychometric properties even when administered online (Carlbring et al., 2007; Hedman et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLjótsson, B., Lundin, C., Mitsell, K., Carlbring, P., Ramklint, M., & Ghaderi, A. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.06.010 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationLy, K. H., Asplund, K., & Andersson, G. (2014) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2014.06.003 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“Previous psychometric research has validated internetadministration of self-rating scales for depression, quality of life and anxiety (Carlbring et al., 2007; Hedman et al., 2010; Holländare et al., 2010; Buchanan, 2003).”
MethodSelf-citationSpence, J., Titov, N., Dear, B. F., Johnston, L., Solley, K., Lorian, C. N., Wootton, B. M., Zou, J. B., & Schwencke, G. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20835 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Predicting Active Users' Personality Based on Micro-Blogging Behaviors
Li, L., Li, A., Hao, B., Guan, Z., & Zhu, T. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084997 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“However, because of its limitations in participant recruitment and resource consumption, self-report method needs to be improved [7,8].”
BackgroundEquivalence of electronic and paper-based patient-reported outcome measures
Campbell, N., Ali, F. M., Finlay, A. Y., & Salek, S. (2015) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-015-0937-3 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Tillfors, M., Carlbring, P., Furmark, T., Lewenhaupt, S., Spak, M., Eriksson, A., Westling, B. E., & Andersson, G. (2008) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20416 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“[23] All the above outcome measures have shown adequate psychometric properties and were administrated via the Internet.”
BackgroundSelf-citationGuided internet-based CBT for common mental disorders
Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., Ljótsson, B., & Hedman, E. (2013) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-013-9237-9 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“Comparing against a waiting list control condition the between group effect was large, d = 0.95 (Carlbring et al. 2007b).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationKlein, B., Mitchell, J., Abbott, J.-A., Shandley, K. A., Austin, D., Gilson, K., Kiropoulos, L. A., Cannard, G., & Redman, T. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.04.005 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“Both telephone-based clinical interviews (Crippa et al., 2008) and administration of online assessments (Carlbring et al., 2007) have been found to be reliable when compared to face-to-face clinical interviews and paper and pencil assessments, respectively.”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe promise and pitfalls of the internet for cognitive behavioral therapy
Andersson, G. (2010) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-8-82 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationModeration and mediation of the effect of attention training in social anxiety disorder
Kuckertz, J. M., Gildebrant, E., Liliequist, B., Karlström, P., Väppling, C., Bodlund, O., Stenlund, T., Hofmann, S. G., Andersson, G., Amir, N., et al. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.12.003 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Ballegooijen, W., Riper, H., Cuijpers, P., van Oppen, P., & Smit, J. H. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0735-7 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“Carlbring P, Brunt S, Bohman S, Austin D, Richards J, Ost LG, et al. Internet vs. paper and pencil administration of questionnaires commonly used in panic/ agoraphobia research.”
BackgroundInfluentialHolländare, F., Johnsson, S., Randestad, M., Tillfors, M., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., & Engström, I. (2011) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01698.x · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationCampos, J. Á. D. B., Zucoloto, M. L., Bonafé, F. S. S., Jordani, P. C., & Marôco, J. P. (2011) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.04.011 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“….com/locate /comphumbeh (Meyerson & Tryon, 2003), stress and depression (Herrero & Meneses, 2006; Naus et al., 2009), panic/agoraphobia (Carlbring et al., 2007), aggression, impulsivity, health functioning (Suris et al., 2007), psychological assessment (Naus et al., 2009; Suris et al.,…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialJones, S. L., Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., & Soucy, J. N. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.10.006 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Månsson, K. N., Skagius Ruiz, E., Gervind, E., Dahlin, M., & Andersson, G. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3031 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“87 for MADRS-S [40]; and Cronbach alpha=.”
Self-citationKrein, S. L., Kadri, R., Hughes, M. V., Kerr, E. A., Piette, J. D., Holleman, R. G., Kim, H. M., & Richardson, C. R. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2605 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Gnambs, T., & Kaspar, K. (2016) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191115624547 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“…with paper-and-pencil questionnaires (Fogarty et al., 2013), and people also report 748 Assessment 24(6) slightly higher levels of depression on the Internet (Carlbring et al., 2007), whereas Risko et al. (2006) found no evidence of such mode differences for various measures of social desirability.”
BackgroundThe Trichotillomania Scale for Children: Development and Validation
Tolin, D. F., Diefenbach, G. J., Flessner, C. A., Franklin, M. E., Keuthen, N. J., Moore, P. S., Piacentini, J. C., Stein, D. J., & Woods, D. W. (2008) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-007-0092-3 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Equivalence of internet and paper- and pencil measurement has been established in clinical disorders, including anxiety [42] and obsessive– compulsive disorder [43].”
BackgroundIvarsson, D., Blom, M., Hesser, H., Carlbring, P., Enderby, P., Nordberg, R., & Andersson, G. (2014) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2014.03.002 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Self-report measures were administered via the internet which generally has been found to generate acceptable psychometric properties (Buchanan, 2003; Carlbring et al., 2007).”
MethodSelf-citationTillfors, M., Andersson, G., Ekselius, L., Furmark, T., Lewenhaupt, S., Karlsson, A., & Carlbring, P. (2011) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2011.555486 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationAndersson, G., Waara, J., Jonsson, U., Malmaeus, F., Carlbring, P., & Öst, L. (2009) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070902931326 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“The outcome measures have good psychometric properties, and in the case of the BDI and BAI this includes Internet administration (cf. Carlbring et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCarlbring, P., Nordgren, L. B., Furmark, T., & Andersson, G. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.06.012 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationBergman Nordgren, L., Carlbring, P., Linna, E., & Andersson, G. (2013) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.2292 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationKivi, M., Eriksson, M. C. M., Hange, D., Petersson, E.-L., Vernmark, K., Johansson, B., & Björkelund, C. (2014) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2014.921834 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Carlbring et al. (2007) identified significant effects between Internet- and paper administration of BDI-II and BAI.”
BackgroundErbe, D., Eichert, H.-C., Rietz, C., & Ebert, D. (2016) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2016.06.006 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“, 2014), there are also a few results suggesting that higher values are obtained on the Becks Depression Inventory if it is administered over the Internet or on a computer (Carlbring et al., 2007; George et al., 1992).”
BackgroundNordin, S., Carlbring, P., Cuijpers, P. J., & Andersson, G. (2010) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2009.06.001 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationInternet-based cognitive behavior therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder: A pilot study
Andersson, E., Ljótsson, B., Hedman, E., Kaldo, V., Paxling, B., Andersson, G., Lindefors, N., & Rück, C. (2011) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-11-125 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“The online version of the QOLI has been compared to the paper and pencil version with mixed results [54,55].”
MethodSelf-citationBrancu, M., Wagner, H. R., Morey, R. A., Beckham, J. C., Calhoun, P. S., Tupler, L. A., Marx, C. E., Taber, K. H., Hurley, R. A., Rowland, J. A., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1570 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Interformat Reliability of Digital Psychiatric Self-Report Questionnaires: A Systematic Review
Alfonsson, S., Maathz, P., & Hursti, T. J. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3395 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“One sample crossover (2x2) PnP, online Body Sensations Questionnaire, Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire, Mobile Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale-Self-report Carlbring et al (2007) [19]”
Dahlin, M., Andersson, G., Magnusson, K., Johansson, T., Sjögren, J., Håkansson, A., Pettersson, M., Kadowaki, Å., Cuijpers, P., & Carlbring, P. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.12.007 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationde Graaf, L. E., Huibers, M. J. H., Riper, H., Gerhards, S. A. H., & Arntz, A. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.12.009 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“There are indications that they show similar psychometric properties (Carlbring et al., 2007a; Garb, 2007; Schulenberg and Yutrzenka, 2001).”
BackgroundCarlbring, P., Furmark, T., Steczkó, J., Ekselius, L., & Andersson, G. (2006) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284200500378662 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationBrief self-rated screening for depression on the Internet
Donker, T., van Straten, A., Marks, I., & Cuijpers, P. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.07.013 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Though several studies have found equivalent psychometric properties in webbased versus paper-pencil questionnaires (Andersson et al., 2003; Carlbring et al., 2007a; Houston et al., 2001; Spek et al., 2008), other studies did not (reviewed by Buchanan (2002), which means that the psychometric…”
Resultİnce, B. Ü., Cuijpers, P. J., Hof, E. V., van Ballegooijen, W., Christensen, H. M., & Riper, H. M. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2853 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Research has shown that online self-report questionnaires have good validity (eg, [41]) and yield scores equivalent to paper-and-pencil questionnaires (eg, [70]).”
Shandley, K., Austin, D. W., Klein, B., Pier, C., Schattner, P., Pierce, D., & Wade, V. (2008) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1033 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Recent studies have shown that the majority of validated paper-and-pencil questionnaires generally retain their psychometric qualities and produce equivalent results when administered in an online format [40,41].”
BackgroundSelf-citationAbstract Spatial Reasoning as an Autistic Strength
Stevenson, J. L., & Gernsbacher, M. A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059329 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Internet-based studies, including studies that administer cognitive tests, provide results comparable to in-person studies [35,36].”
ResultWeb-based measurement: Effect of completing single or multiple items per webpage
Thorndike, F. P., Carlbring, P., Smyth, F. L., Magee, J. C., Gonder-Frederick, L., Ost, L.-G., & Ritterband, L. M. (2009) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.05.006 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationBuhrman, M., Syk, M., Burvall, O., Hartig, T., Gordh, T., & Andersson, G. (2015) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000176 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationLindner, P., Andersson, G., Öst, L., & Carlbring, P. (2013) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2013.806584 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationAxelsson, E., Lindsäter, E., Ljótsson, B., Andersson, E., & Hedman-Lagerlöf, E. (2017) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.7497 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“The self-reported Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS-S) is a widely used nine-item questionnaire that measures depressive symptoms on a scale from 0 to 54, with higher scores indicating more symptoms of depression [24-26].”
A validation of well-being and happiness surveys for administration via the Internet
Howell, R. T., Rodzon, K. S., Kurai, M., & Sanchez, A. H. (2010) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.42.3.775 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Carlbring et al. (2007) demonstrated that respondents reported higher levels of depression when completing a CB survey than when completing a PP survey.”
BackgroundThe longitudinal relationship between fear of positive evaluation and fear of negative evaluation
Rodebaugh, T., Weeks, J. W., Gordon, E. A., Langer, J. K., & Heimberg, R. (2012) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2011.569709 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Carlbring and colleagues ( 2007 ) have reported that anxiety measures completed using online versus paper-and-pencil administration formats demonstrate similar psychometric properties and are very strongly correlated.”
BackgroundStarosta, A. J., & Brenner, L. A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_1972-2 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Hedman, E., Ljótsson, B., Blom, K., El Alaoui, S., Kraepelien, M., Rück, C., Andersson, G., Svanborg, C., Lindefors, N., & Kaldo, V. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2818 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Less Positive or More Negative? Future-Directed Thinking in Mild to Moderate Depression
Bjärehed, J., Sarkohi, A., & Andersson, G. (2009) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070902966926 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“The Internetadministered self-rated version of the MADRS-S has been found comparable to the pencil-and-paper version in terms of validity and reliability (Carlbring et al., 2007), with a Cronbach’s alpha of .”
MethodSelf-citationPredicting treatment outcome in internet versus face to face treatment of panic disorder
Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., & Grimlund, A. (2008) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.003 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Excellent psychometric characteristics have been reported for the online version (Austin, Carlbring, Richards, & Andersson, 2006; Carlbring et al., 2007 ), which is a widely used and validated cognitive test (Lezak, 1995).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRozental, A., Forsell, E., Svensson, A., Forsström, D., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2014) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-014-0054-z · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“…log on to a secure online interface requiring registration and electronic identification, i.e., SLL Certificates, in order to complete an automated and fully computerized online screening process, minimizing the risk of data loss or data distortion (Carlbring et al., 2007; Thorndike et al., 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAn Internet administered treatment program for obsessive–compulsive disorder: A feasibility study
Wootton, B. M., Titov, N., Dear, B. F., Spence, J., Andrews, G., Johnston, L., & Solley, K. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.07.009 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Internet Administration of Paper-and-Pencil Questionnaires Used in Couple Research
Brock, R. L., Barry, R. A., Lawrence, E. E., Dey, J., & Rolffs, J. L. (2010) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191110382850 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Whereas examinations of equivalence have been conducted for measures of personality, individual psychopathology, and physical health (e.g., Buchanan, 2007; Carlbring et al., 2007; Coles, Cook, & Blake, 2007; Davis, 1999; Hewson & Charlton, 2005), they have yet to be conducted for measures of relationship constructs (e.”
BackgroundInternet-Delivered Acceptance and Values-Based Exposure Treatment for Fibromyalgia: A Pilot Study
Ljótsson, B., Atterlöf, E., Lagerlöf, M., Andersson, E., Jernelöv, S., Hedman, E., Kemani, M., & Wicksell, R. K. (2014) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2013.846401 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“The outcome measures were administered online, a method which has been shown to be as reliable and valid as traditional paper-andpencil administration (Carlbring et al., 2007; Hedman et al., 2010).”
MethodFrom paper to pixels: A comparison of paper and computer formats in psychological assessment
Naus, M. J., Philipp, L. M., & Samsi, M. (2008) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.05.012 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Silfvernagel, K., Carlbring, P., Kabo, J., Edström, S., Eriksson, J., Månson, L., & Andersson, G. (2012) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1853 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“The outcome measures used in the trial have been shown to have good psychometric properties when administered via the Internet [29], and the same accounts for administrating the SCID-I interview over telephone [30].”
MethodSelf-citationBjörnsdotter, A., Enebrink, P., & Ghaderi, A. (2013) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-7-40 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Ström, M., Uckelstam, C.-J., Andersson, G., Hassmén, P., Umefjord, G., & Carlbring, P. (2013) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.178 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“…Information and Declarations can be found on page 13 DOI 10.7717/peerj.178 Copyright 2013 Ström et al. Distributed under Creative Commons CC-BY 3.0 OPEN ACCESS Subjects Clinical Trials, Psychiatry and Psychology Keywords Physical activity, Depression, Internet, Psychotherapy, Treatment, RCT”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
- Authors
- Carlbring, P., Brunt, S., Bohman, S., Austin, D., Richards, J., Öst, L.-G., & Andersson, G.
- Affiliations
- Linköping University (SE)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Monash University (AU)
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Carlbring, Per
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-05
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1421-1434
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2060387706
- Cited by
- 319
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 12.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- paper-and-pencil questionnaires, panic disorder, agoraphobia, psychometric properties, test-retest reliability, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Quality of Life Inventory, fear of fear, online therapy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
