The Symptom Check-List-90-R (SCL-90-R): A German validation study
Abstract
The Symptom Check-List-90-R (SCL-90-R) is a widely used psychological status symptom inventory. The properties of the German SCL-90-R version were studied in two clinical samples: psychosomatic outpatients and primary care patients. The data were compared with a German community sample. The internal consistency, measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficients, was found to be high, for the global scale and all original subscales. Mokken scale analysis indicated hierarchical structure for most of the subscales. Concurrent validity, evaluated by studying the relationship between the SCL-90-R subscales and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-C) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was also high. On the basis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses, it was found that the SCL-90-R was able to differentiate between subjects known to have a given psychological disorder and those who do not. Results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis failed to support the original nine factor model and two subsequent factor models. The strong interdependence of the original subscales and the strong first unrotated factor of the exploratory factor analyses raised concern regarding the multi-dimensionality of the SCL-90-R subscales. We concluded that the SCL-90-R is a useful tool for measuring psychological status, measuring change in outcome studies, or screening for mental disorders.
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The SCL-90-R has good internal reliability and high concurrent validity.
“The SCL-90-R has good internal reliability and high concurrent validity [39].”
From Fear of depression recurrence among individuals with remitted depression: a qualitative interview study (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
The transdiagnostic accuracy of ADA could be considered lower than sensitivities of self-report screenings for mental disorders, which range between 0.72 and 0.90.
“The transdiagnostic accuracy of ADA could be considered lower when compared with sensitivities of self-report screenings for mental disorders that range between 0.72 and 0.90 according to previous studies [59-62].”
From Diagnostic Performance of an App-Based Symptom Checker in Mental Disorders: Comparative Study in Psychotherapy Outpatients (2022) · cites this paper as [60]
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Gasser, P., Holstein, D., Michel, Y., Doblin, R., Yazar-Klosinski, B., Passie, T., & Brenneisen, R. (2014) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000113 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
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Clinical and psychological correlates of quality-of-life in polycystic ovary syndrome
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“The SCL-90-R and SF-36 were scored and analyzed according to the published guidelines (22, 26, 27 ).”
MethodInfluentialPrediction of Psilocybin Response in Healthy Volunteers
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“However, because these nine dimensions are not supported by most exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and because many studies have pointed to the presence of a strong general factor [41], only the Global Severity Index (GSI), which is the total score of all SCL-90-R items, was used as a predictor variable.”
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“In this validation study (18) the Mokken analysis was used as well and the results indicated that the SCL-90-R should be considered as a unidimensional measure of psychological distress.”
MethodResultInfluentialHow to assess common somatic symptoms in large-scale studies: A systematic review of questionnaires
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“90 [58,79,83–87] At 1 week interval: test–retest coefficient = 0.”
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“The inventory is comoposed of 90 items, including somatization (distress arising from perceptions of bodily dysfunctions), obsessive-compulsion (irresistible thoughts, behaviors, or impulses), interpersonal Sensitivity (feelings of personal inadequacy or uneasiness), depression (dysphoric mood and other symptoms assoc…”
BackgroundNeural correlates of reward processing in schizophrenia — Relationship to apathy and depression
Simon, J. J., Biller, A., Walther, S., Roesch-Ely, D., Stippich, C., Weisbrod, M., & Kaiser, S. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.11.007 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
“Control participants were screened for neurological or psychiatric disorders using the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (Schmitz et al., 2000).”
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“In our case, the more parsimonious interpretation matches the conclusions of several articles: even when the proposed solution has more than a factor [22], the high variance percentage explained by the first factor should lead to consideration of the total score as a general dimension of psychopathology [26].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDepression and changed pain perception: Hints for a central disinhibition mechanism
Klauenberg, S., Maier, C., Assion, H., Hoffmann, A., Krumova, E. K., Magerl, W., Scherens, A., Treede, R., & Juckel, G. (2008) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2008.09.003 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
“The German version of SCL-90R has satisfactorily been validated in a German population [44].”
BackgroundA pilot study on mindfulness based stress reduction for smokers
Davis, J. M., Fleming, M. F., Bonus, K., & Baker, T. B. (2007) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/1472-6882-7-2 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
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“The SCL-90 has demonstrated satisfactory validity and internal consistency (Holi, Sammallahti, & Aalberg, 1998; Schmitz et al., 2000).”
BackgroundNeural reward processing is modulated by approach- and avoidance-related personality traits
Simon, J. J., Walther, S., Fiebach, C. J., Friederich, H.-C., Stippich, C., Weisbrod, M., & Kaiser, S. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.016 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
“All had normal or corrected to normal vision and were screened for neurological or psychiatric disorders using the Symptom Check List 90 Revised (Schmitz et al., 2000).”
MethodAn AI-based decision support system for predicting mental health disorders
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“1 3 tools proposed by several previous studies (Barker-Collo, 2003; Bernet et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2020; Kim & Jang, 2016; Olsen et al., 2004; Rytilä-Manninen et al., 2016; Schmitz et al., 2000; Sereda & Dembitskyi, 2016; Urbán et al., 2016), the SCL-28-AI can diagnose all the mental disorders that the SCL-90-R was…”
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“Yet, only a few studies compared several measurement models of SCL-90-R (Carpenter and Hittner, 1995; Vassend and Skrondal, 1999; Schmitz et al., 2000; Hafkenscheid et al., 2006) and concluded that none of the proposed models fit satisfactorily to the data.”
BackgroundResultHysek, C. M., Simmler, L. D., Nicola, V. G., Vischer, N., Donzelli, M., Krähenbühl, S., Grouzmann, E., Huwyler, J., Hoener, M. C., & Liechti, M. E. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036476 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“25 kg/m(2), (iv) personal or family (first-degree relative) history of psychiatric disorder (determined by the structured clinical interview of Axis I and Axis II disorders according the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4 edition [18] supplemented by the SCL-90-R Symptom Checklist [19,20] (v) reg…”
BackgroundInfluentialInterpersonal problems in eating disorders
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“The subscales of the BSI are potentially problematic for making solid research statements, however, as they were derived from the original SCL-90-R items, which investigators have reported are not well-supported as independent factors but rather that the overall measure is better used as a univariate global distress s…”
MethodMDMA enhances “mind reading” of positive emotions and impairs “mind reading” of negative emotions
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“GSI t-scores ≥63 indicate markedly increased levels of psychological distress and identify cases with probable mental disorder (SCL cases) (Derogatis, 1983; Jacobson et al., 1997; de Groot et al., 1999; Schmitz et al., 2000; Bulow et al., 2002; Beutel et al., 2005).”
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“Th e SCL-90-R has historically shown good internal consistency and test – retest reliability (Schmitz et al. 2000).”
BackgroundImplementation of Approach Bias Re-Training in Alcoholism-How Many Sessions are Needed?
Eberl, C., Wiers, R. W., Pawelczack, S., Rinck, M., Becker, E. S., & Lindenmeyer, J. (2014) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12281 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“Internal consistency of the Global Severity Index is high (Cronbach’s a = 0.97; Schmitz et al., 2000).”
MethodInfluentialHahn, S., Benson, S., Elsenbruch, S., Pleger, K., Tan, S., Mann, K., Schedlowski, M., van Halteren, W. B., Kimmig, R., & Janssen, O. E. (2006) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/del069 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
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“The Symptom-Checklist SCL-90-R [27, 28] is a selfreport inventory that is used to examine the global intensity of psychological symptoms and distress experienced during the past seven days using a five-point Likert-type scale ranging from zero to four.”
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“The GSI is a global index that is obtained by averaging all item scores, and is considered to be the most sensitive single quantitative indicator concerning a respondent’s psychological distress status (Schmitz et al., 2000).”
BackgroundSereda, Y., & Дембіцький, С. С. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1014-3 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“Overall, there is increasing agreement on the multidimensional nature of the SCL-90-R, although various solutions from bifactor structure [24] to the nine original dimesions [16, 22, 23, 25] have been reported.”
BackgroundKahl, K. G., Bens, S., Ziegler, K. J., Rudolf, S., Kordon, A., DIBBELT, L., & Schweiger, U. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.09.016 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“For data on the psychometric properties of the German version of these scales see Hautzinger et al. (1995) and Schmitz et al. (2000).”
BackgroundDeterminants of quality of life in relapsing-remitting and progressive multiple sclerosis
Yalachkov, Y., Soydaş, D., Bergmann, J., Frisch, S., Behrens, M., Foerch, C., & Gehrig, J. (2019) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2019.01.049 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
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“The SCL-90-R has historically shown good internal consistency and test–retest reliability (Derogatis, 2000; Schmitz et al., 2000).”
Araya, M., Chotai, J., Komproe, I. H., & de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2007) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-007-9201-9 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
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“Additionally, although there are doubts about the validity of the SCL-90-R regarding the multidimensionality [34] the SCL-90-R is extensively used as a diagnostic instrument to screen for a broad range of psychiatric and psychosomatic symptoms [15].”
BackgroundLanghorst, J., Mueller, T., Luedtke, R., Franken, U., Paul, A., Michalsen, A., Schedlowski, M., Dobos, G. J., & Elsenbruch, S. (2007) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1080/00365520601101682 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“With Correspondence: Jost Langhorst, MD, Chair of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Kliniken Essen Mitte, Am Deimelsberg 34 A, DE-45276 Essen, Germany.”
MethodInfluentialPsychological implications of infertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Tan, S., Hahn, S., Benson, S., Janssen, O. E., Dietz, T., Kimmig, R., Hesse-Hussain, J., Mann, K., Schedlowski, M., Arck, P. C., et al. (2008) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/den227 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“(iii) The German version (Franke, 1995; Schmitz et al., 2000) of the Symptom Check List 90 (SCL-90-R) (DeRogatis, 1983) was used to assess emotional distress.”
BackgroundMethodThe Role of Impulsivity, Inattention and Comorbid ADHD in Patients with Bulimia Nervosa
Seitz, J., Kahraman-Lanzerath, B., Legenbauer, T., Sarrar, L., Herpertz, S., Salbach‐Andrae, H., Konrad, K., & Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063891 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“We used Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI-II, [20]), the depression and anxiety subscales of the Symptoms Check List (SCL-90, [21]) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SKID-I) to further explore comorbid psychiatric disorders, specifically previous lifetime anorexia nervosa (AN) and amphetamine use.”
MethodGoekoop, R., & Goekoop, J. G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112734 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“PCA studies of a more narrow selection of patients using the SCL-90 rating scale have reported separate components for (Retarded) Depression [45–48], Somatic Anxiety/Somatization [45–48], Anger-Hostility/Irritability [45–48], Phobic Anxiety [45,46,48], Paranoid Psychoticism [45,48], Obsessive-Compulsive symptoms [45,4…”
BackgroundBrook, J. S., Stimmel, M. A., Zhang, C., & Brook, D. W. (2008) · The American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1080/10550490701860930 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Conrad, R., Wegener, I., Imbierowicz, K., Liedtke, R., & Geiser, F. (2008) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.10.013 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“As far as gender differences in major depression are concerned, our study confirms previous studies which found women to report a higher severity of depression and other psychopathological symptoms on self-report measures (Schmitz et al., 2000; Franke, 2002).”
Crombez, G., Beirens, K., Damme, S. V., Eccleston, C., & Fontaine, J. R. J. (2009) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2009.04.006 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“The physical symptoms endorsed in these ‘‘somatisation” subscales were selected because of their association with psychopathology or psychological distress [7,50].”
BackgroundCarvedilol inhibits the cardiostimulant and thermogenic effects of MDMA in humans
Hysek, C. M., Schmid, Y., Rickli, A., Simmler, L. D., Donzelli, M., Grouzmann, E., & Liechti, M. E. (2012) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01936.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“…and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (Wittchen et al., 1997) supplemented by the SCL-90-R Symptom Checklist (Derogatis et al., 1976; Schmitz et al., 2000)]; (v) regular use of medications; (vi) chronic or acute physical illness assessed by physical examination,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAnxiety across the transition to parenthood: change trajectories among low-risk parents
Don, B. P., Chong, A., Biehle, S. N., Gordon, A., & Mickelson, K. D. (2014) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2014.903473 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Parents in the moderate and stable subgroup experienced levels of anxiety approaching those reported by clinically impaired samples in previous research (Schmitz et al., 2000).”
ResultInfluentialPsychopathological profile of patients with different forms of bruxism
Bayar, G. R., Tutuncu, R., & Açıkel, C. (2011) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-010-0492-9 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Self-report symptom inventories are commonly used by both clinicians and researchers to gather information about NB vs. SB NB vs. AB NB vs. SAB SB vs. AB SB vs. SAB AB vs. SAB SOM Z=2.778 Z=0.055 Z=2.616 Z=2.881 Z=4.279 Z=2.476 p=0.004* p=0.967 p=0.009 p=0.003* p=0.000* p=0.013 O-C Z=1.235 Z=1.330 Z=2.455 Z=2.439 Z=3.…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRytilä‐Manninen, M., Fröjd, S. A., Haravuori, H., Lindberg, N., MARTTUNEN, M. J., Kettunen, K., & Therman, S. (2016) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-016-0111-x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Furthermore, self-report questionnaires can be used to monitor the quality of medical and psychological interventions in mental health services, and to screen for symptoms of psychopathology [6].”
BackgroundResultHaney, E. M., Smith, M. E. B., McDonagh, M. S., Pappas, M., Daeges, M., Wasson, N., & Nelson, H. D. (2015) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m15-0443 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Alexithymia as a predictor of outcome of psychodynamically oriented inpatient treatment
Leweke, F., Bausch, S., Leichsenring, F., Walter, B., & Stingl, M. (2009) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300902870554 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“A validation study provided good support for the validity of the German version of the SCL-90-R, most notably for the GSI and the Depression subscale (Schmitz et al., 2000).”
MethodStudy of the SCL-90 Scale and Changes in the Chinese Norms
Dang, W., Xu, Y., Ji, J., Wang, K., Zhao, S., Yu, B., Liu, J., Feng, C., Yu, H., Wang, W., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.524395 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Different processes for different therapies: Therapist actions, therapeutic bond, and outcome.
Ulvenes, P., Berggraf, L., Hoffart, A., Stiles, T. C., Svartberg, M., McCullough, L., & Wampold, B. E. (2012) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0027895 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Religious Coping, Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety, and Well-Being Among Somali College Students
Areba, E. M., Duckett, L., Robertson, C. L., & Savik, K. (2017) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-017-0359-3 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Symptoms of psychosis in anorexia and bulimia nervosa
Miotto, P., Pollini, B., Restaneo, A., Favaretto, G., Sisti, D., Rocchi, M., & Preti, A. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.03.011 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“…the multidimensional structure of the SCL-90R: an extreme variability and instability of the SCL90R factor structure – in terms of sample composition by age and gender – was found (Schmitz et al., 2000), with the psychoticism dimension yielding the least consistent results (Olsen et al., 2004).”
ResultAspects of quality of life through end-stage renal disease
Franke, G. H., Reimer, J., Philipp, T., & Heemann, U. W. (2003) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1023/a:1022238707028 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“The BSI is the short form of the SCL-90-R [29-32], a wellvalidated multidimensional symptom self-report inventory.”
BackgroundSelf-citationKaess, M., Fischer-Waldschmidt, G., Resch, F., & Koenig, J. (2017) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-017-0058-4 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“The German version [38] of the Symptom Checklist-90R (SCL-90-R) [39, 40] was used as self-report measure of psychopathological distress.”
MethodPsychometric properties of the symptom check list 90 (SCL-90) for Chinese undergraduate students
Yu, Y., Wan, C., Huebner, E. S., Zhao, X., Zeng, W., & Shang, L. (2018) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2018.1521939 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Besteher, B., Christian Gaser, B., Ivanšić, D., Guntinas‐Lichius, O., Dobel, C., & Nenadić, I. (2019) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101976 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“In addition, all participants completed the Symptom checklist 90 revised (SCL-90-R), which can be divided into ten subscales (Derogatis et al., 1974; Schmitz et al., 2000), reflecting a range of psychopathologies and general psychological distress.”
Mazefsky, C. A., Conner, C. M., & Oswald, D. P. (2010) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.133 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Studies have also found that the ability of the SCL-90-R to screen between patients and typical community members is good [Rauter, Leonard, & Swett, 1996; Schmitz et al., 2000].”
BackgroundDepression and anxiety in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic
Weibelzahl, S., Reiter, J., & Duden, G. S. (2021) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268821000303 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“It also highly correlates with similar but longer instruments such as the symptom checklist SCL-90-R [41].”
Hysek, C. M., Brugger, R., Simmler, L. D., Bruggisser, M., Donzelli, M., Grouzmann, E., Hoener, M. C., & Liechti, M. E. (2011) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.111.188425 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Linking substance use with symptoms of subclinical psychosis in a community cohort over 30 years
Rössler, W., Hengartner, M. P., Angst, J., & Ajdacic‐Gross, V. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03760.x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Commonly, fewer than nine factors are identified [20], and the ‘psychoticism’ subscale yields the least consistent data [21].”
BackgroundReduced subjective quality of life in persons at risk for psychosis
Ruhrmann, S., Paruch, J., Bechdolf, A., Pukrop, R., Wagner, M., Berning, J., Schultze-Lutter, F., Janssen, B., Gäebel, W., Möller, H. ‐., et al. (2008) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01152.x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“The Symptom-Checklist, SCL-90-R (20, 21), served as a self-report measure of the participants present mental state.”
MethodInfluentialWendt, L. P., Wright, A. G. C., Pilkonis, P. A., Nolte, T., Fonagy, P., Montague, P. R., Benecke, C., Krieger, T., & Zimmermann, J. (2019) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000460 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“We used the German translation for the SCL-90–R (Schmitz et al., 2000) and the BSI (i.”
MethodChinese college students’ SCL-90 scores and their relations to the college performance
Zhang, J., & Zhang, X. (2012) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2012.09.009 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Third, and consistently, there is mounting evidence of the extreme variability and instability of the SCL-90 factor structure across diverse populations, and we are interested in seeing what patterns exist in non-Western culture such as China (Schmitz et al., 2000; Schwarzwald et al., 1991).”
BackgroundJohnson, S. U., Hoffart, A., Nordahl, H. M., & Wampold, B. E. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.06.004 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
SeyedAlinaghi, S., Jam, S., Foroughi, M., Imani, A., Mohraz, M., Djavid, G. E., & Black, D. S. (2012) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31825abfaa · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Symptom-Checklist-K-9: Norm values and factorial structure in a representative German sample
Petrowski, K., Schmalbach, B., Kliem, S., Hinz, A., & Brähler, E. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213490 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Vater, A., Schröder–Abé, M., Schütz, A., Lammers, C., & Roepke, S. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.03.007 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“The BPD patients in the present study had higher scores on the SCL-90-R in comparison to the normative sample, t(2463) ¼ 6.17, p .001, d ¼ .971 (see Schmitz et al., 2000).”
ResultInfluentialTeismann, H., Wollbrink, A., Okamoto, H., Gottfried Schlaug, A., Rudack, C., & Pantev, C. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089904 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Predictors of burnout: results from a prospective community study
Wulf Rössler, A., Hengartner, M. P., Ajdacic‐Gross, V., & Angst, J. (2014) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-014-0512-x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“The SCL-90-R has historically shown good internal consistency and test–retest reliability [10, 16], although its validity in terms of factor structure of the dimensions has led to contradictory results [16, 17].”
ResultZiegenhorn, A. A., Roepke, S., Schommer, N. C., Merkl, A., Danker‐Hopfe, H., Perschel, F. H., Heuser, I., Anghelescu, I. G., & Lammers, C. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e31819a4bae · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“The Symptom Checklist 90Vrevised (SCL-90-R) with its 9 subscales (somatization, obsessivecompulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism) and 7 residual items (covering sleep problems, eating/appetite, feelings of guilt, and suicidality)Vwas us…”
MethodPhilipsen, A., Graf, E., van Elst, L. T., Jans, T., Warnke, A., Heßlinger, B., Ebert, D., Gerlach, M., Matthies, S., Colla, M., et al. (2010) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-010-0046-7 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“…interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, psychoticism; Derogatis 1977, German version: Schmitz et al. 2000; Franke 2002) Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) Assessment of depression by the 21-question multiple-choice self-report…”
MethodA risk profile of compulsive exercise in adolescents with an eating disorder: a systematic review
Fietz, M., Touyz, S. W., & Hay, P. (2014) · Advances in Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/21662630.2014.894470 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“No information on the percentage of excessive exercise according to eating disorder diagnosis. aQIS, Quality Index score. bCES, Commitment to Exercise Scale (Davis, Brewer, & Ratusny, 1993); EPQ-R, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire – Revised (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1991). cSIAB, Structured Interview of AN and BN (Fichter,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGünther, O., Roick, C., Angermeyer, M. C., & König, H. (2006) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.07.001 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Arens, E. A., Stopsack, M., Spitzer, C., Appel, K., Dudeck, M., Völzke, H., Grabe, H. J., & Barnow, S. (2013) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2013.27.2.196 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“83 (Schmitz et al., 2000).”
Karg‐Hefner, N., Dorscht, L., Kornhuber, J., & Luttenberger, K. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02518-y · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Caparrós, B., Hoz, E. V., Juan-Ferrer, J., & Viñas, F. (2007) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Attenuated Directed Exploration during Reinforcement Learning in Gambling Disorder
Wiehler, A., Chakroun, K., & Peters, J. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1607-20.2021 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Liebherz, S., & Rabung, S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105329 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“without a psychiatric disorder and is qualified for measuring change in outcome studies [42].”
BackgroundHysek, C. M., & Liechti, M. E. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2761-6 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Hysek, C. M., Fink, A. E., Simmler, L. D., Donzelli, M., Grouzmann, E., & Liechti, M. E. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e3182979d32 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Jegan, N. R. A., Brugger, M., Viniol, A., Strauch, K., Barth, J., Baum, E., Leonhardt, C., & Becker, A. (2017) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-017-1482-8 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Toyabe, S., Shioiri, T., Kuwabara, H., Endo, T., Tanabe, N., Someya, T., & Akazawa, K. (2006) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-6-230 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Young, S., Rhodes, P., Touyz, S. W., & Hay, P. (2013) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/2050-2974-1-16 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Penas-Lledo et al. [31] found a trend only for increased obsessive compulsive symptomatology in exercising patients using the SCL-90-R.”
BackgroundInfluentialOtti, A., Guendel, H. O., Henningsen, P., Zimmer, C., Wohlschlaeger, A. M., & Noll‐Hussong, M. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.110187 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“” The 90 items of the German version of this checklist are scaled from 0 to 4 and are associated with problems that the patient has been experiencing during the last 7 days.(42) The summarizing global severity index is a de facto standard for psychotherapy clinical practice and research, and it serves as a “symptom se…”
BackgroundKapitza, K. P., Passie, T., Bernateck, M., & Karst, M. (2010) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-010-9130-1 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the German version of the NEO-FFI in psychosomatic outpatients
Schmitz, N., Hartkamp, N., Baldini, C., Rollnik, J. D., & Tress, W. (2001) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00173-2 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationA study of the dimensionality and measurement precision of the SCL‐90‐R using item response theory
Paap, M. C. S., Meijer, R. R., van Bebber, J., Pedersen, G., Karterud, S., Hellem, F. M., & Haraldsen, I. (2011) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.347 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Rössler, W., Ajdacic-Gross, V., Riecher-Rössler, A., Angst, J., & Hengartner, M. (2016) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20319 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Psychopathological vulnerability (21-41) 61.”
InfluentialEarly maladaptive schemas in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Philipsen, A., Lam, A. P., Breit, S., Lücke, C., Müller, H., & Matthies, S. (2016) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-016-0211-8 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Lundin, A., Hallgren, M. Å., & Forsell, Y. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.024 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Depression predicts perioperative outcomes following coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Beresnevaitė, M., Benetis, R., Taylor, G. J., Jurėnienė, K., Kinduris, Š., & Barauskienė, V. (2010) · Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal · doi:10.3109/14017431.2010.490593 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Dronavalli, M., & Thompson, S. (2015) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2015-205491 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Stelzer, E., Book, S., Graessel, E., Hofner, B., Kornhuber, J., & Luttenberger, K. (2018) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00580 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“The Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) (Franke, 2002; Schmitz et al., 2000) is a 90-item self-report inventory that measures the global intensity of psychological symptoms including depression and distress experienced during the past seven days.”
BackgroundBech, P., Austin, S. F., & Lau, M. E. (2018) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2018.1451918 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Fredriksen, T., Vatne, T. M., Haukeland, Y. B., Tudor, M. E., & Fjermestad, K. W. (2021) · Journal of Child Health Care · doi:10.1177/13674935211052157 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“A wide range of independent studies has shown satisfactory internal consistency for the SCL-90-R, and the scale has been validated with normal and clinical adult populations (α > .79) (Schmitz et al., 2000).”
BackgroundArdakani, A., Seghatoleslam, T., Habil, H., Jameei, F., Rashid, R. B. A., Zahiroddin, A., Motlaq, F. E., & Arani, A. M. (2016) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Exceptional experiences and spiritual practice: a new measurement approach
Kohls, N., & Walach, H. (2006) · Spirituality and Health International · doi:10.1002/shi.296 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Brief Symptom Index (BSI) (Franke, 1995; Schmitz et al., 2000): The 53-item short version of the Symptom Checklist (SCL 90) (Derogatis, 1977) is one of the most widely used screening instruments to briefl y assess psychological disturbances on nine subscales.”
Method
- Authors
- Schmitz, N., Hartkamp, N., Kiuse, J., Franke, G. H., Reister, G., & Tress, W.
- Affiliations
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
- Venue
- Quality of Life Research
- Published
- 2000-03
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 185-193
- ISSN
- 0962-9343 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2649
- OpenAlex
- W2121333311
- Cited by
- 430
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 5.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Quality of Life Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- SCL-90-R, psychometric properties, internal consistency, Mokken scale analysis, concurrent validity, factor structure, mental disorder screening, psychosomatic outpatients, primary care patients, Inventory of Interpersonal Problems, General Health Questionnaire
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Mental Disorders, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Germany, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Quality of Life, Self Disclosure, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results, Area Under Curve
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