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Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors in Breast Cancer Metastasis
Open accessAbstract
Human breast tumors contain regions of hypoxia in which cells that are located far from a functional blood vessel have significantly reduced oxygen concentrations when compared with normal mammary tissue. Breast cancer cells adapt to hypoxic conditions by increasing levels of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which induce the expression of multiple genes involved in angiogenesis, glucose utilization, resistance to oxidative stress, cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, invasion and metastasis. Breast cancer patients with increased HIF expression levels in primary tumor biopsies are at increased risk of metastasis. This is an important finding since 90% of breast cancer deaths are the result of metastasis, primarily to the bone, lungs, liver, brain and regional lymph nodes. Although the prognostic significance of reduced oxygen levels in primary breast tumors of cancer patients is well recognized, the mechanisms underlying hypoxia-induced, HIF-dependent breast cancer metastasis are just beginning to be uncovered. Recent studies have implicated HIF target genes in every step of the metastatic process. Drugs, such as digoxin, show the potential therapeutic effects of blocking HIF activity by decreasing primary tumor growth, vascularization, invasion and metastasis in animal models of breast cancer.
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“In breast cancer, HIF-1α acts as a master regulator for the expression of genes that promote tumor growth, vascularization, and metastasis4.”
From Liposomal Formulation of HIF-1α Inhibitor Echinomycin Eliminates Established Metastases of Triple-negative Breast Cancer (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
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7 retracted
Lysyl oxidase is essential for hypoxia-induced metastasis
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Self-citationRetractedRETRACTED: Acriflavine inhibits HIF-1 dimerization, tumor growth, and vascularization
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Self-citationRetractedProcollagen lysyl hydroxylase 2 is essential for hypoxia-induced breast cancer metastasis
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gilkes, D. M., & Semenza, G. L.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Venue
- Future Oncology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-10-24
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1623-1636
- ISSN
- 1479-6694 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-8301
- PMC
- PMC4659402
- OpenAlex
- W2126797928
- Cited by
- 274
- References
- 126
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 1.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Future Oncology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (U54-CA143868)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mechanisms of cancer metastasis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Angiogenesis and VEGF in Cancer
- Keywords
- hypoxia-inducible factor, breast cancer metastasis, tumor hypoxia, angiogenesis, glucose metabolism, oxidative stress resistance, apoptosis resistance, cell invasion, HIF target genes, prognostic factors, digoxin, HIF inhibitors, tumor vascularization
- MeSH terms
- Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1, Animals, Antineoplastic Agents, Breast Neoplasms, Cell Movement, Cell Survival, Female, Humans, Lymphatic Metastasis, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors, Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, Tumor Microenvironment
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