The DOI matches its Crossref record; 85 of the 86 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Withdrawing from School
Abstract
Research on dropping out of school has focused on characteristics of the individual or institution that correlate with the dropout decision. Many of these characteristics are nonmanipulable, and all are measured at one point in time, late in the youngster’s school career. This paper describes two models for understanding dropping out as a developmental process that may begin in the earliest grades. The frustration-self-esteem model has been used for years in the study of juvenile delinquency; it identifies school failure as the starting point in a cycle that may culminate in the student’s rejecting, or being rejected by, the school. The participation-identification model focuses on students’ “involvement in schooling,” with both behavioral and emotional components. According to this formulation, the likelihood that a youngster will successfully complete 12 years of schooling is maximized if he or she maintains multiple, expanding forms of participation in school-relevant activities. The failure of a youngster to participate in school and class activities, or to develop a sense of identification with school, may have significant deleterious consequences. The ability to manipulate modes of participation poses promising avenues for further research as well as for intervention efforts.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The participation-identification model posits that only the students who identify with their school develop a perception of school belonging.This perception of belonging then facilitates the students' engagement and their commitment to schooling.”
From The relationships between school belonging and students’ motivational, social-emotional, behavioural, and academic outcomes in secondary education: a meta-analytic review (2020) · cites this paper as Finn 1989
In the citing paper
“Developing a stronger sense of school belonging may prevent students from dropping out of school, as was already suggested by Finn (1989) in his participation-identification model.”
From The relationships between school belonging and students’ motivational, social-emotional, behavioural, and academic outcomes in secondary education: a meta-analytic review (2020) · cites this paper as Finn 1989
In the citing paper
“Also, students with higher SOBAS generally have fewer psychological health and social problems, specifically lower rates of delinquency, reduced social rejection from peers, lower depression, fewer incidences of dropping out of school, and less use of illicit drugs (E. M. Anderman, 2002; Finn, 1989).”
From Students’ Sense of Belonging at School in 41 Countries: Cross-Cultural Variability (2016) · cites this paper as Finn, 1989
In the citing paper
“Engaged and motivated students are interested in learning and experience a sense of security and connectedness with teachers. They are more likely to exhibit achievement-oriented behaviors (i.e., effort, persistence, attention, participation) and less likely to behave in ways that compromise their school success (i.e., aggression, rule breaking).22, 23”
From Health and School Outcomes During Children's Transition Into Adolescence (2013) · cites this paper as [22]
Citations
Cites
Bloom, B. S., Engelhart, M. D., Furst, E. J., Hill, W. H., & Krathwohl, D. R. (1956) · Cited by 9,342
(1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 5,872
Gibbons, D. C., & Hirschi, T. (1970) · The Journal of Criminal Law Criminology and Police Science · doi:10.2307/1142213 · Cited by 5,215
Payne, G., Dingwall, R. W. J., Payne, J., & Carter, M. (1981) · Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) · Cited by 5,015
The antecedents of self-esteem.
Goodman, N., & Coopersmith, S. (1969) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2092806 · Cited by 4,823
The antecedents of self-esteem
Coopersmith, S. (1965) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,649
Hirschi, T. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315081649 · Cited by 4,510
Journal on Educational Psychology
Winston, J., Mandernach, J., Winsor, D. L., Sinnott, J. D., & Gujjar, A. A. (2014) · Cited by 2,947
Fifteen Thousand Hours: Secondary Schools and Their Effects on Children
Armento, B. J., Rutter, M. L., Maughan, B., Mortimore, P., & Ouston, J. (1980) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.2307/1175642 · Cited by 2,289
The definition and measurement of job involvement.
Lodahl, T. M., & Kejnar, M. (1965) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0021692 · Cited by 1,798
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 86 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 1,003
Saqr, M., López-Pernas, S., & Vogelsmeier, L. V. D. E. (2023) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104934 · Cited by 26
Sustainable Behavior: Study Engagement and Happiness among University Students in South Korea
Choi, J. (2016) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su8070599 · Cited by 34
Pengaruh school engagement, locus of control, dan social support terhadap resiliensi akademik remaja
Satyaninrum, I. R. (2019) · Tazkiya Journal of Psychology · doi:10.15408/tazkiya.v2i1.10749 · Cited by 26
Adding Value: Online Student Engagement
Everett, D. R. (2015) · Cited by 26
Cohésion scolaire et politiques éducatives
Duru‐Bellat, M., Mons, N., & Bydanova, E. (2008) · Revue française de pédagogie · doi:10.4000/rfp.2121 · Cited by 26
“With-me-ness”: A gaze-measure for students’ attention in MOOCs
Sharma, K., Jermann, P., & Dillenbourg, P. (2014) · Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) · Cited by 26
Gerrard, S., & Billington, J. (2013) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2013.11.002 · Cited by 26
Kieffer, M. J., Marinell, W. H., & Neugebauer, S. R. (2014) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2014.09.002 · Cited by 26
Yang, G., Badri, M. A., Rashedi, A. A., Almazroui, K. M., Qalyoubi, R., & Nai, P. (2016) · Compare A Journal of Comparative and International Education · doi:10.1080/03057925.2016.1230833 · Cited by 32
Student nurse wastage: a case study of the profile and perceptions of students of an institution
Mashaba, G., & Mhlongo, T. P. (1995) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1995.22020364.x · Cited by 26
Gürcan, F., Erdoğdu, F., Çağıltay, N. E., & Çağıltay, K. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-023-11803-8 · Cited by 26
Nielsen, K. (2016) · Journal of Vocational Education and Training · doi:10.1080/13636820.2015.1133694 · Cited by 32
Olivier, É., & Archambault, I. (2017) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2017.09.007 · Cited by 41
Saraví, G. A., Bayón, M. C., & Azaola, M. C. (2019) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x19838188 · Cited by 25
Brutt‐Griffler, J., & Jang, E. (2019) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2019.1616670 · Cited by 25
Erdoğdu, M. Y. (2019) · International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies · doi:10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.7n.2p.75 · Cited by 25
Supporting and engaging students through academic library programming
Eshbach, B. E. (2020) · The Journal of Academic Librarianship · doi:10.1016/j.acalib.2020.102129 · Cited by 33
Kirkpatrick, K. M. (2020) · Continuity in Education · doi:10.5334/cie.5 · Cited by 25
Nouwen, W., Clycq, N., Struyf, A., & Donche, V. (2021) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-021-00561-1 · Cited by 25
Archambault, I., Pascal, S., Olivier, É., Dupéré, V., Janosz, M., Parent, S., & Pagani, L. S. (2022) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2022.101593 · Cited by 29
A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of a Newly Integrated Multidimensional School Engagement Scale
Hashim, R. A., & Sani, A. M. (2008) · Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction · doi:10.32890/mjli.5.2008.7595 · Cited by 26
Inclusionary and Exclusionary Secondary Schools: The Effect of School Culture on Student Outcomes
Brady, P. (2005) · Interchange · doi:10.1007/s10780-005-6867-1 · Cited by 25
Viggiani, P. A., Reid, W. J., & Bailey-Dempsey, C. (2002) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731502012005002 · Cited by 25
School social cohesion, student-school connectedness, and bullying in Colombian adolescents
Springer, A. E., Jaramillo, M. C., Gómez, Y. O., Case, K., & Wilkinson, A. V. (2015) · Global Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/1757975915576305 · Cited by 25
Πέλλας, Ν., & Kazanidis, I. (2014) · New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia · doi:10.1080/13614568.2013.856958 · Cited by 25
The effects of early grade retention: Effect modification by prior achievement and age
Vandecandelaere, M., Vansteelandt, S., Fraine, B. D., & Damme, J. V. (2015) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2015.10.004 · Cited by 31
Dawes, M., Chen, C., Farmer, T. W., & Hamm, J. V. (2017) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-017-0688-2 · Cited by 32
Student engagement at the beginning of vocational studies
Niittylahti, S., Annala, J., & Mäkinen, M. (2019) · Nordic Journal of Vocational Education and Training · doi:10.3384/njvet.2242-458x.199121 · Cited by 25
Chaka, C., & Nkhobo, T. (2019) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-019-0167-9 · Cited by 25
Leadership and school effectiveness and improvement
Silins, H., & Mulford, B. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5747-2_35 · Cited by 28
Hernandez‐Martinez, P. (2016) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2016.02.005 · Cited by 25
Castellano, M., Stringfield, S. C., & Stone, J. R. (2002) · Cited by 25
Adolescence in Contemporary Families
Steinmetz, S. K. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-5367-7_15 · Cited by 25
Development and Validation of Student Engagement Scale in the Indian Context
Singh, A. K., & Srivastava, S. (2014) · Global Business Review · doi:10.1177/0972150914535137 · Cited by 24
Kim, P. W. (2018) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2018.04.093 · Cited by 24
Fisher, B. W., Dawson‐Edwards, C., Higgins, E. M., & Swartz, K. (2020) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22342 · Cited by 35
Gràcia, M. G., & Sánchez‐Gelabert, A. (2020) · Papers Revista de Sociologia · doi:10.5565/rev/papers.2775 · Cited by 34
Schmid, E. (2020) · International Journal for Research in Vocational Education and Training · doi:10.13152/ijrvet.7.1.2 · Cited by 32
Abizada, A., Gurbanova, U., Iskandarova, A., & Nadirzada, N. (2020) · International Review of Education · doi:10.1007/s11159-020-09833-2 · Cited by 24
Multilevel mixed methods research and educational psychology
McCrudden, M. T., & Marchand, G. C. (2020) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2020.1793156 · Cited by 26
Multidimensional research on university engagement using a mixed method approach
Mundet, H. B., Llop, E., Verdaguer, M., Comas, J., Sitjar, A. L., Alís, M. O., Amadó, A., & Rostán, C. (2021) · Educación XX1 · doi:10.5944/educxx1.28561 · Cited by 26
FATORES ASSOCIADOS À EVASÃO NO ENSINO SUPERIOR: UM ESTUDO LONGITUDINAL
Nierotka, R. L., Salata, A. R., & Klitzke, M. K. (2023) · Cadernos de Pesquisa · doi:10.1590/198053149961 · Cited by 24
How Do Naturally Existing Peer Groups Shape Children's Academic Development During Sixth Grade?
Kindermann, T. A., & Skinner, E. A. (2009) · International Journal of Developmental Science · doi:10.3233/dev-2009-3105 · Cited by 24
LA IMPLICACIÓN DEL ESTUDIANTE CON LA ESCUELA
Ros, I. (2009) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 24
Medios de comunicación: ¿espacio para el ocio o agentes de socialización en la adolescencia?
Piquer, M. P. (2013) · Pedagogia Social Revista Interuniversitaria · doi:10.7179/psri_2014.23.10 · Cited by 24
Biggart, A., O’Hare, L., & Connolly, P. (2013) · Irish Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03323315.2013.765264 · Cited by 24
Everyday innovation – pushing boundaries while maintaining stability
Lippke, L., & Wegener, C. (2014) · Journal of Workplace Learning · doi:10.1108/jwl-10-2013-0086 · Cited by 27
Wang, M., & Amemiya, J. L. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813413-9.00012-7 · Cited by 28
Bakken, T., & Kortering, L. J. (1999) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/074193259902000610 · Cited by 24
The Structuring of Extracurricular Opportunities and Latino Student Retention
Flores‐González, N. (2000) · Journal of Poverty · doi:10.1300/j134v04n01_04 · Cited by 24
Seeking the Levers of Change: Participant Attitudes and School Improvement
Coleman, P. T., Collinge, J., & Seifert, T. (1993) · School Effectiveness and School Improvement · doi:10.1080/0924345930040104 · Cited by 24
Arhar, J. M., & Kromrey, J. D. (1995) · RMLE Online · doi:10.1080/10825541.1995.11670047 · Cited by 24
How much does overweight impact the adolescent developmental process?
Fonseca, H., de Matos, M. G., Guerra, A., & Gomes‐Pedro, J. (2010) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2010.01136.x · Cited by 23
Education and Attachment: Guidelines to Prevent School Failure
Castro, R., & Pereira, D. (2019) · Multimodal Technologies and Interaction · doi:10.3390/mti3010010 · Cited by 23
Effective curricula for at-risk students in vocational education: a study of teachers’ practice
Fix, G. M., Ritzen, H., Pieters, J. M., & Kuiper, W. (2019) · Empirical research in vocational education and training · doi:10.1186/s40461-018-0076-5 · Cited by 26
Thouin, É., Dupéré, V., Dion, É., McCabe, J., Denault, A., Archambault, I., Brière, F. N., Leventhal, T., & Crosnoe, R. L. (2020) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2020.1796665 · Cited by 34
Schmid, E., Jørstad, B., & Nordlie, G. S. (2021) · Nordic Journal of Vocational Education and Training · doi:10.3384/njvet.2242-458x.2111347 · Cited by 29
A systematic review of the literature related to dropout for students with disabilities
Foreman-Murray, L., Krowka, S. K., & Majeika, C. E. (2022) · Preventing School Failure Alternative Education for Children and Youth · doi:10.1080/1045988x.2022.2037494 · Cited by 23
Study environment factors associated with retention in higher education
Qvortrup, A., & Lykkegaard, E. (2022) · Higher Education Pedagogies · doi:10.1080/23752696.2022.2072361 · Cited by 23
The relationship between student engagement and dropout risk in early adolescence
Szabó, L., Zsolnai, A., & Fehérvári, A. (2024) · International Journal of Educational Research Open · doi:10.1016/j.ijedro.2024.100328 · Cited by 23
Effects of School Mobility on Adolescent Social Ties and Academic Adjustment
Langenkamp, A. G. (2014) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x13517908 · Cited by 23
Davis, H. A., Chang, M., Andrzejewski, C. E., & Poirier, R. R. (2009) · Journal of Educational Change · doi:10.1007/s10833-009-9121-2 · Cited by 23
Disciplinary Practices and Perceptions of School Safety
Farmer, G. L. (1999) · Journal of Social Service Research · doi:10.1300/j079v26n01_01 · Cited by 22
Forsyth, K., Maciver, D., Howden, S., Owen, C., & Shepherd, C. (2008) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/10349120802033659 · Cited by 23
Retained Students and Classmates’ Absences in Urban Schools
Gottfried, M. A. (2013) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831213498810 · Cited by 23
The Influence of Tardy Classmates on Students’ Socio-Emotional Outcomes
Gottfried, M. A. (2014) · Teachers College Record · doi:10.1177/016146811411600305 · Cited by 10
Creatively Gifted Students are not like Other Gifted Students
Kim, K. H., Sriraman, B., Baer, J., & Kaufman, J. C. (2013) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6209-149-8 · Cited by 24
Çengel, M., & Türkoğlu, A. (2016) · Educational Sciences Theory & Practice · doi:10.12738/estp.2016.6.0103 · Cited by 23
Rambe, P. (2017) · Journal of Computing in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s12528-017-9141-5 · Cited by 23
Norris, H. (2018) · Conflict Resolution Quarterly · doi:10.1002/crq.21242 · Cited by 23
Olivier, É., Archambault, I., & Dupéré, V. (2020) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101842 · Cited by 28
Fletcher, E. C., Dumford, A. D., Hernández-Gantes, V. M., & Minar, N. J. (2020) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.2020.1787314 · Cited by 23
Advancing Minority High Achievement: National Trends and Promising Programs and Practices
Rachuba, L. T., Borman, G. D., & Stringfield, S. (2000) · Cited by 23
The dynamics of absence behaviour: interrelations between absence from class and absence in class
Jonasson, C. (2011) · Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00131881.2011.552233 · Cited by 23
Ritoša, A., Åström, F., Björck‐Åkesson, E., Borglund, L., Karlsson, E., McHugh, E., & Nylander, E. M. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09815-4 · Cited by 44
Dimitrellou, E., & Hurry, J. (2018) · European Journal of Special Needs Education · doi:10.1080/08856257.2018.1501965 · Cited by 22
Fomina, T. G., Potanina, A. M., & Morosanova, V. I. (2020) · Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Психология и педагогика · doi:10.22363/2313-1683-2020-17-3-390-411 · Cited by 22
Keijzer, R., van Schooten, E., van der Rijst, R. M., & Admiraal, W. (2022) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-021-00580-y · Cited by 22
A school-based intervention on elementary students’ school engagement
Azevedo, R., Rosário, P. J. S. L. F., Núñez, J. C., Vallejo, G., Fuentes, S., & Magalhães, P. (2023) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2023.102148 · Cited by 25
Dolzan, M., Sartori, R., Charkhabi, M., & Paola, F. D. (2015) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.09.091 · Cited by 23
Roach, A. T., Chilungu, E. N., Salle, T. P. L., Talapatra, D., Vignieri, M. J., & Kurz, A. (2009) · Peabody Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/01619560903240954 · Cited by 22
Promoting School Engagement: Attitudes Toward School Among American and Japanese Youth
Smith, D. C., Ito, A., Gruenewald, J. M., & Yeh, H.-L. (2010) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2010.509308 · Cited by 25
Predictors of Academic Achievement for Latino Middle Schoolers
Ruiz, Y. (2009) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911350902869409 · Cited by 22
Davis, H. A., Chang, M., Andrzejewski, C. E., & Poirier, R. R. (2014) · Learning Environments Research · doi:10.1007/s10984-013-9148-4 · Cited by 25
Another Path to Belonging: A Case Study of Middle School Students’ Perspectives
Green, M., Emery, A. A., Sanders, M., & Anderman, L. H. (2016) · The Educational and Developmental Psychologist · doi:10.1017/edp.2016.4 · Cited by 23
Krauss, S. E., Kornbluh, M., & Zeldin, S. (2017) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.01.009 · Cited by 27
A Crisis of Authority in Predominantly Black Schools?
Kelly, S. (2010) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146811011200501 · Cited by 22
Johnson, D. R., Thurlow, M. L., Wu, Y.-C., LaVelle, J. M., & Davenport, E. C. (2020) · Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals · doi:10.1177/2165143420952050 · Cited by 22
Hadjar, A., Grecu, A. L., Scharf, J., de Moll, F., Morinaj, J., & Hascher, T. (2020) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101697 · Cited by 24
Dierendonck, C., Tóth‐Király, I., Morin, A. J. S., Kerger, S., Milmeister, P., & Poncelet, D. (2021) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2021.1913979 · Cited by 32
Difficult Starts: Turbulence in the School Year and Its Impact on Urban Students' Achievement
Weiss, C. C. (2001) · American Journal of Education · doi:10.1086/444266 · Cited by 22
Howard, V. F., McLaughlin, T. F., & Vacha, E. F. (1996) · Journal of Behavioral Education · doi:10.1007/bf02110229 · Cited by 22
Studsrød, I., & Bru, E. (2011) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034311412841 · Cited by 29
Geven, S., Kalmijn, M., & van Tubergen, F. (2016) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2015.1121806 · Cited by 22
Accepting a Scholarly Identity
Cross, J. R., Bugaj, S. J., & Mammadov, S. (2016) · journal for the education of the gifted · doi:10.1177/0162353215624162 · Cited by 22
Alfeld, C., Stone, J. R., Aragon, S. R., Hansen, D. M., Zirkle, C. J., Connors, J. J., Spindler, M., Romine, R. S., & Woo, H.-J. (2007) · Cited by 22
Rumberger, R. W., & Larson, K. A. (1992) · Cited by 22
Fostering student engagement in schools: International best practices
Liem, G. A. D., & Chong, W. H. (2017) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034317702947 · Cited by 24
Narratives of Student Engagement in an Alternative Learning Context
Jones, J. N. (2011) · Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR) · doi:10.1080/10824669.2011.586299 · Cited by 21
Metadata
- Authors
- Finn, J. D.
- Affiliations
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
- Corresponding author
- Finn, Jeremy D.
- Venue
- Review of Educational Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1989
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 117
- ISSN
- 0034-6543 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2133166606
- Cited by
- 2,702
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 73 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 113 · 2022: 124 · 2021: 105 · 2020: 138 · 2019: 148 · 2018: 120 · 2017: 117 · 2016: 137 · 2015: 133 · 2014: 169 · 2013: 131 · 2012: 161
- FWCI
- 87.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Review of Educational Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Outcomes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Education › Youth Substance Use and School Attendance
- Social Sciences › Education › Higher Education Research Studies
- Keywords
- school dropout, school failure, student participation in school activities, school identification
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
