The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Coming to Terms with Atrocities: A Review of Accountability Mechanisms for Mass Violations of Human Rights
Abstract
The field of human psychology has taught the lay world a principle regarding personal emotion that is now taken as a given: To ensure good mental health and stability, it is crucial that individuals emerging from massive abuse and trauma develop appropriate mechanisms to confront and process that past experience, facilitating closure rather than repression. Figuring out which approach or mechanism will be most helpful to the healing process will vary from person to person, and will be determined in part by the background and makeup of the particular individual as well as by the nature of the trauma endured. But, for both victims and perpetrators of past abuse, dealing with the reality and consequences of its occurrence is essential. In responding to such trauma, groups and nations tend to function similarly to individuals. Societies shattered by the perpetration of atrocities need to adapt or design mechanisms to confront their demons, to reckon with these past abuses. Otherwise, for nations, as for individuals, the past will haunt and infect the present and future in unpredictable ways. The assumption that individuals or groups who have been the victims of hideous atrocities will simply forget about them or expunge their feelings without some form of accounting, some semblance of justice, is to leave in place the seeds of future conflict.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Trials can provide “a sense that…grievances have been addressed and can hopefully be put to rest, rather than smoldering in anticipation of the next round of conflict” (Kritz 1996, 128).”
From Conflict Recurrence and Postconflict Justice: Addressing Motivations and Opportunities for Sustainable Peace (2017) · cites this paper as Kritz 1996
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Trials and Errors: Principle and Pragmatism in Strategies of International Justice
Snyder, J., & Vinjamuri, L. (2004) · International Security · doi:10.1162/016228803773100066 · Cited by 644
Violence and Social Repair: Rethinking the Contribution of Justice to Reconciliation
Fletcher, L. E., & Weinstein, H. M. (2002) · Human Rights Quarterly · doi:10.1353/hrq.2002.0033 · Cited by 530
Rehumanizing the Other: Empathy and Reconciliation
Halpern, J., & Weinstein, H. M. (2004) · Human Rights Quarterly · doi:10.1353/hrq.2004.0036 · Cited by 400
Remedies in International Human Rights Law
Shelton, D. L. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207534.001.0001 · Cited by 289
The Justice Balance: When Transitional Justice Improves Human Rights and Democracy
Olsen, T. D., Payne, L. A., & Reiter, A. G. (2010) · Human Rights Quarterly · doi:10.1353/hrq.2010.0021 · Cited by 278
Advocacy and Scholarship in the Study of International War Crime Tribunals and Transitional Justice
Vinjamuri, L., & Snyder, J. (2004) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.012003.104755 · Cited by 183
The three Rs: retributive justice, restorative justice, and reconciliation
Clark, J. N. (2008) · Contemporary Justice Review · doi:10.1080/10282580802482603 · Cited by 94
Loyle, C. E., & Appel, B. J. (2017) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1093/isq/sqx045 · Cited by 78
Forgiveness and Transitional Justice in the Czech Republic
David, R., & Choi, S. Y. P. (2006) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002706286950 · Cited by 75
From Negative to Positive Peace: The Case of Bosnia and Hercegovina
Clark, J. N. (2009) · Journal of Human Rights · doi:10.1080/14754830903332434 · Cited by 69
The Necessity and Challenges of Establishing a Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Rwanda
Sarkin, J. (1999) · Human Rights Quarterly · doi:10.1353/hrq.1999.0042 · Cited by 67
National unity and reconciliation in Rwanda: A flawed approach?
Clark, J. N. (2010) · Journal of Contemporary African Studies · doi:10.1080/02589001003736793 · Cited by 66
Stahn, C. (2001) · American Journal of International Law · doi:10.2307/2674655 · Cited by 66
David, R., & Choi, S. Y. P. (2005) · Human Rights Quarterly · doi:10.1353/hrq.2005.0016 · Cited by 65
Truth Commissions and Criminal Courts
Bisset, A. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139026406 · Cited by 58
Re-Ordering Justice: Towards A New Methodological Approach to Studying Transitional Justice
Grodsky, B. (2009) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343309340108 · Cited by 56
'Hybrid courts' The hybrid category of a new type of international crimes courts
NOUWEN, S. M. H. (2006) · Utrecht Law Review · doi:10.18352/ulr.32 · Cited by 57
Getting Even or Getting Equal? Retributive Desires and Transitional Justice
David, R., & Choi, S. Y. P. (2009) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00687.x · Cited by 56
New Dilemmas in Transitional Justice: Lessons from the Mixed Courts in Sierra Leone and Cambodia
Stensrud, E. E. (2008) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343308096152 · Cited by 49
The Future of War Crimes Prosecutions in the Former Yugoslavia: Accountability or Junk Justice?
Zoglin, K. (2005) · Human Rights Quarterly · doi:10.1353/hrq.2005.0012 · Cited by 45
Aldana-Pindell, R. (2004) · Human Rights Quarterly · doi:10.1353/hrq.2004.0030 · Cited by 44
An Empirical Approach to Post-conflict Legitimacy: Victims' Needs and the Everyday
Robins, S. (2012) · Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding · doi:10.1080/17502977.2012.655618 · Cited by 42
The rise and fall of war crimes trials: from Charles I to Bush II
(2013) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-3518 · Cited by 33
Religious Peace-building in South Africa: From Potential to Practice
Clark, J. N. (2011) · Ethnopolitics · doi:10.1080/17449057.2011.572639 · Cited by 30
Finding Shame in Truth: The Importance of Public Engagement in Truth Commissions
Mazzei, J. (2011) · Human Rights Quarterly · doi:10.1353/hrq.2011.0026 · Cited by 29
Do Truth Commissions Really Improve Democracy?
Dancy, G., & Thoms, O. T. (2021) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00104140211024305 · Cited by 27
Nudging the Needle: Foreign Lobbies and US Human Rights Ratings
Pevehouse, J. C. W., & Vabulas, F. A. (2019) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1093/isq/sqy052 · Cited by 25
Grodsky, B. (2009) · International Studies Review · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2009.00891.x · Cited by 23
Retribution, Restitution and Reconciliation: Limited Amnesty in Bosnia-HerzegovinaPreprint
Mallinder, L. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1531762 · Cited by 19
Entre el perdón y el paredón: Preguntas y dilemas de la justicia transicional
Rettberg, A. (2005) · Cited by 17
Is Closure Still Possible for the Marcos Human Rights Victims?
Mendoza, M. P. (2013) · Social Transformations Journal of the Global South · doi:10.13185/st2013.01106 · Cited by 16
The ICC, Uganda and the LRA: Re-Framing the Debate
Clark, J. N. (2010) · African Studies · doi:10.1080/00020181003647256 · Cited by 16
Horne, C. M. (2014) · Journal of Peacebuilding & Development · doi:10.1080/15423166.2014.937654 · Cited by 15
Learning from the Past: Three Lessons from the Rwandan Genocide
Clark, J. N. (2009) · African Studies · doi:10.1080/00020180902827340 · Cited by 12
An Affront to the Conscience of Humanity: Enforced disappearance in international human rights law
Kyriakou, N. (2012) · Cadmus - EUI Research Repository (European University Institute) · doi:10.2870/46831 · Cited by 12
The Temporal Rivalries of Human Rights
Johns, F. (2016) · Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies · doi:10.2979/indjglolegstu.23.1.39 · Cited by 11
Grodsky, B. (2008) · Journal of Human Rights · doi:10.1080/14754830802476829 · Cited by 11
Apologizing for Atrocity: Rwanda and Recognition
Tirrell, L. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5201-6_10 · Cited by 10
Truth Commissions and Public Inquiries: Addressing Historical Injustices in Established Democracies
Stanton, K. (2010) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 10
Providing justice and reconciliation: The criminal tribunals for Sierra Leone and Cambodia
Barria, L. A., & Roper, S. D. (2005) · Human Rights Review · doi:10.1007/s12142-005-1000-5 · Cited by 8
Melvin, J. (2020) · University of London Press eBooks · doi:10.14296/0420.9781912250400 · Cited by 6
Civil Society and Transitional Justice in Asia and the Pacific
Kent, L., Cronin, C., & Wallis, J. (2019) · ANU Press eBooks · doi:10.22459/cstjap.2019 · Cited by 6
Does Transitional Justice Work
Olsen, T. D., Payne, L. A., & Reiter, A. G. (2008) · Cited by 5
The State Court of Bosnia and Hercegovina: a path to reconciliation?
Clark, J. N. (2010) · Contemporary Justice Review · doi:10.1080/10282580.2010.517961 · Cited by 5
Carlson, K. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108278157 · Cited by 5
States of Impunity: Bhutanese Refugee Camps in Nepal
Neikirk, A., & Nickson, R. (2017) · State Crime Journal · doi:10.13169/statecrime.6.1.0037 · Cited by 4
Torné, C. F. (2017) · Asian Journal of Peacebuilding · doi:10.18588/201711.00a021 · Cited by 4
Rule of Law, Human Rights and Impunity: The Case of Afghanistan
Sevastik, P. (2019) · Hague Journal on the Rule of Law · doi:10.1007/s40803-019-00089-z · Cited by 4
Shelton, D. L. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207534.003.0003 · Cited by 4
Against international criminal tribunals: reconciling the global justice norm with local agency
Verovšek, P. J. (2017) · Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy · doi:10.1080/13698230.2017.1410684 · Cited by 3
Billah, M., Saripan, H., Rahmat, N. E., Hassan, R. A., & Mia, M. T. (2022) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0333.v1 · Cited by 3
Preconditions of international normative change: implications for order and violence
Snyder, J., & Vinjamuri, L. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511755903.016 · Cited by 2
The domestic origins of human rights trials: A case study of the Second Boer War
Simmons, A. J. (2016) · Journal of Human Rights · doi:10.1080/14754835.2016.1249788 · Cited by 2
Grodsky, B. (2014) · Journal of Southeast European and Black Sea Studies · doi:10.1080/14683857.2014.882082 · Cited by 2
Aravena, C. M. C. (2011) · Revista de derecho (Coquimbo) · doi:10.4067/s0718-97532011000100002 · Cited by 2
Musila, G. M. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2567907 · Cited by 2
Damşa, L. (2016) · Studies in the history of law and justice · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48530-0_2 · Cited by 1
Sovacool, B. K., & Dworkin, M. H. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107323605.005 · Cited by 1
The Jurisdiction of International Institutions and Tribunals
Shelton, D. L. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207534.003.0006 · Cited by 1
The shaping flame: trials, conflict and reconciliation in Syria
Waters, T. W. (2016) · International Social Science Journal · doi:10.1111/issj.12134 · Cited by 1
Coyles, D. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781351164320-8 · Cited by 1
Co nfronting past atrocities: A critical analysis of the defunct Ethiopian Reconciliation Commission
Teshome, M. Z. (2022) · Law Democracy & Development · doi:10.17159/2077-4907/2022/ldd.v26.13 · Cited by 1
Shelton, D. L. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207534.003.0013 · Cited by 1
POLITICAL CRIMES AND SERIOUS VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Parmentier, S., & Weitekamp, E. (2007) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1016/s1521-6136(07)09005-7 · Cited by 1
Ndiyun, R. K. (2023) · Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) · doi:10.47264/idea.lassij/7.1.4 · Cited by 1
Michel, V. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2647482 · Cited by 1
Solaas, I. M. G. (2009) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 1
Armed drones : transparency and accountability under international law
Pretorius, J. (2015) · UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria)
And Justice for All: Developing Rule of Law in the Balkans
Lowry, R. M. (2010) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska)
Revisión bibliográfica sobre Justicia transicional
Londoño-López, V., & Hidvegi-Arango, S. (2005) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)
CIVIL RESPONSIBILITY FOR GROSS HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONSPreprint
Bachmann, S. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal
The Implementation of Transitional Justice in Post Conflict Situations: Case Study of Aceh and Papua
Yusran, R. (2008) · Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University)
Methodological problems in causal inference, with reference to transitional justice
Lee, B. (2014) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library)
Timing Justice: Lessons from the Tribunals in Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and Cambodia
Whaley, Z. B. (2009) · HIMALAYA
Pries, K. M. (2007) · QSpace (Queen's University Library)
Rechtsstaatlichkeit und Versöhnung im osttimoresischen Aufarbeitungsprozess
Ottendörfer, E. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-02994-4_3-1
Hofisi, S. (2014) · University of Zimbabwe Institutional Repository (University of Zimbabwe)
Rechtsstaatlichkeit und Versöhnung in Transitional-Justice-Prozessen
Ottendörfer, E. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-02392-8_3
Principles and Best Practices for Climate Change Adaptation
Sovacool, B. K., & Linnér, B. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137496737_6
The Quest for Justice: Lessons Learned
Roper, S. D., & Barria, L. A. (2010) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230109483_14
a case study of justice versus reconciliation and its consequences
Solaas, I. M. G. (2009)
The Development of International Human Rights Law
Shelton, D. L. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207534.003.0005
Gross and Systematic Violations
Shelton, D. L. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207534.003.0014
Truth commissions and trials within the transitional justice framework
Bisset, A. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139026406.002
Reparations for Historical Injustices
Shelton, D. L. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207534.003.0015
Concepts and Theories of Remedies
Shelton, D. L. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207534.003.0002
Outcomes of Wars over Government
Fixdal, M. (2012) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137092861_5
Shelton, D. L. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207534.003.0009
Reparations in the Law of State Responsibility
Shelton, D. L. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207534.003.0004
Shelton, D. L. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207534.003.0011
Shelton, D. L. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207534.003.0012
The Role of Victims and Witnesses in International Criminal Trials
McDonald, A. (2002) · T.M.C. Asser Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-6704-695-4_34
Child Soldiers and Prosecutorial Transitional Justice
Steinl, L. (2017) · International criminal justice series · doi:10.1007/978-94-6265-201-9_3
di Sarsina, J. R. (2019) · T.M.C. Asser Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6265-276-7_4
An Overview of Judicial Reform in Latin America
Oyanedel, J. C. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14249-0_2
Black Trauma in the US and the Pursuit of Human Rights: A Brief History
Vil, C. S., & Vil, N. M. S. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16395-2_5
An analysis of populism and human rights in South Africa
Terblanche, W. R. (2018)
Metadata
- Authors
- Kritz, N. J.
- Corresponding author
- Kritz, Neil J.
- Venue
- Law and Contemporary Problems
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1996
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 127
- ISSN
- 0023-9186 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1569480047
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 2.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Law and Contemporary Problems (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › War, Law, and Justice
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › International Law and Human Rights
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Memory, violence, and history
- Keywords
- accountability mechanisms, mass atrocities, human rights violations, transitional justice, truth commissions, reconciliation, trauma processing, victims and perpetrators, collective memory, post-conflict societies, future war
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review