Inhibition and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults
Abstract
The inhibitory account of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was tested by examining the performance of college-aged adults on a variety of inhibitory tasks. The poorer performance of adults with ADHD compared with controls on negative priming, stopping, and continuous performance tasks, combined with similar group performances on a test of working memory capacity, indicates a specific inhibitory deficit as opposed to a general limitation in attentional capacity. Overall results provide evidence for extending the inhibitory deficit hypothesis to adult ADHD, not only for mechanisms of response (or motor) inhibition but also for mechanisms of cognitive inhibition.
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Individuals with ADHD experience neuropsychological difficulties associated with deficient inhibition, memory, executive functioning, decision making, and emotional dysregulation.
“Individuals with ADHD also experience neuropsychological difficulties associated with deficient inhibition [22], memory [22], executive functioning [23,24], decision making [25], and emotional dysregulation [26].”
From Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach (2017) · cites this paper as [22]
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Models of response inhibition in the stop-signal and stop-change paradigms
Verbruggen, F., & Logan, G. D. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.014 · Cited by 710 · see citing works
“Adults with ADHD also show longer SSRTs compared to control groups (e.g., Aron et al., 2003a; Ossmann and Mulligan, 2003).”
BackgroundAdult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach
Katzman, M. A., Bilkey, T. S., Chokka, P. R., Fallu, A., & Klassen, L. J. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1463-3 · Cited by 732 · see citing works
“Individuals with ADHD also experience neuropsychological difficulties associated with deficient inhibition [22], memory [22], executive functioning [23, 24], decision making [25], and emotional dysregulation [26].”
BackgroundReaction time variability in ADHD: A meta-analytic review of 319 studies
Kofler, M. J., Rapport, M. D., Sarver, D. E., Raiker, J. S., Orban, S. A., Friedman, L. M., & Kolomeyer, E. G. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.06.001 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
Inhibitory control and psychopathology: A meta-analysis of studies using the stop signal task
LIPSZYC, J., & SCHACHAR, R. (2010) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617710000895 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Aron, A. R., & Poldrack, R. A. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.026 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Lijffijt, M., Kenemans, J. L., Verbaten, M. N., & van Engeland, H. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.2.216 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Alderson, R. M., Kasper, L. J., Hudec, K. L., & Patros, C. H. G. (2013) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0032371 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
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A Meta-Analysis of Decision-Making and Attention in Adults With ADHD
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Boonstra, A. M., Kooij, J. J. S., Oosterlaan, J., Sergeant, J. A., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2005) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390490515757 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“Deficits in inhibition have also been established for adults with ADHD, using both the SST (Epstein, Johnson, Indira, & Conners, 2001; Murphy, 2002; Ossmann & Mulligan, 2003; Wodushek & Neuman, 2003), and the CPT (Barkley, Grodzinsky, & DuPaul, 1992; Epstein, Conners, Sitarenios, & Erhardt, 1998;…”
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Neuropsychological Perspective Towards DSM-V
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“Responses that occur too quickly or too often signal a problem (Berwid et al., 2005; Fischer et al., 2005; Gordon & Mettelman, 1988; Ossmann & Mulligan, 2003; Riccio, Reynolds, Lowe, & Moore, 2002).”
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Turner, D. C., Blackwell, A. D., Dowson, J. H., McLean, A., & Sahakian, B. J. (2005) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1993-5 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“Impaired neurocognitive performance related to frontal lobe functions has also been described in this population (Seidman et al. 1998; Walker et al. 2000; Barkley et al. 2001; Dinn et al. 2001; Murphy 2002a; Ossmann and Mulligan 2003).”
BackgroundAttention deficit and impulsivity: Selecting, shifting, and stopping
Kenemans, J. L., Bekker, E. M., Lijffijt, M., Overtoom, C. C. E., Jonkman, L. M., & Verbaten, M. N. (2005) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.03.009 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“The same meta-analysis also confirmed the impression from recent studies (Bekker et al., in press – a; Murphy, 2002; Ossmann and Mulligan, 2003) that for adults with AD/HD slow stopping is much more specific, as (in the individual studies) there were no group differences in choice reaction…”
ResultDisentangling Deficits in Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Bekker, E. M., Overtoom, C. C. E., Kooij, J. J. S., Buitelaar, J. K., Verbaten, M. N., & Kenemans, J. L. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.10.1129 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Creative Thinking in Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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“…though, inhibitory control deficits along appear to be chiefly characteristic of ADHD while conduct disorder populations seem to demonstrate such dysfunctions only in the presence of comorbid ADHD (Leung & Connolly, 1997; Ossmann & Mulligan, 2003; Schachar, Mota, Logan, Tannock, & Klim, 2000).”
BackgroundStopping and changing in adults with ADHD
BEKKER, E. M., OVERTOOM, C. C., KENEMANS, J. L., KOOIJ, J. J., DE NOORD, I., BUITELAAR, J. K., & VERBATEN, M. N. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704003459 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“2003; Ossmann & Mulligan, 2003) or longer (Epstein et al .”
InfluentialResponse Variability in Attention-Deficit Disorders
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Sensory and sensorimotor gating in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
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“Cognitive impairment is a common finding in the population of ADHD patients (Dinn et al., 2001; Murphy, 2002; Ossmann and Mulligan, 2003).”
BackgroundDibbets, P., Evers, E. A. T., Hurks, P. P. M., Bakker, K., & Jolles, J. (2010) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0018997 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“…control in adult ADHD have been observed in several domains, such as response inhibition (Epstein, Johnson, Varia, & Conners, 2001; Murphy, 2002b; Ossmann & Mulligan, 2003), problem solving (Murphy, 2002a), and switching between rules or tasks (Tamm, Menon, Ringel, & Reiss, 2004; White & Shah,…”
Driving and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Fuermaier, A., Tucha, L., Evans, B. L., Koerts, J., de Waard, D., Brookhuis, K., Aschenbrenner, S., Thome, J., Lange, K., & Tucha, O. (2015) · Journal of neural transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-015-1465-6 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“…working memory (Alderson et al. 2013; Dowson et al. 2004); however, impairments of impulse control (Chamberlain et al. 2007; Hervey et al. 2004; Ossmann and Mulligan 2003), fluency functions (Boonstra et al. 2005; Dinn et al. 2001; Tucha et al. 2005), planning and problem solving (McLeod et…”
BackgroundSustained and Focused Attention Deficits in Adult ADHD
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“…number of studies that investigated the associations between these domains and adult ADHD is far higher for inhibition than for set shifting and working memory (i.e., Epstein et al. 2001; Johnson et al. 2001; Johnson et al. 2010; Murphy 2002b; Ossmann and Mulligan 2003; Wodushek and Neumann 2003).”
BackgroundLijffijt, M., Bekker, E. M., Quik, E. H., Bakker, J., Kenemans, J., & Verbaten, M. (2004) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/108705470400800104 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“…Logan, & Sergeant, 1998; Sergeant, Geurts, & Oosterlaan, 2002) and adults with ADHD (Aron, Downson, Sahakian, & Robbins, 2003; Murphy, 2002; Ossmann & Mulligan, 2003; although this was not significant in the study of Epstein, Johnson, Varia, & Conners, 2001) compared to healthy…”
ResultSchwerdtfeger, R. M. H., Alahyane, N., Brien, D. C., Coe, B. C., Stroman, P. W., & Munoz, D. P. (2012) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2012.10.006 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Importantly, antisaccade deficits in adults with ADHD parallel those observed in other tasksmeasuring inhibitory control (Aron et al., 2003; Ossmann and Mulligan, 2003; Bekker et al., 2005; Lampe et al., 2007; Dibbets et al., 2009; McLoughlin et al., 2010; Schneider et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultGrane, V. A., Endestad, T., Pinto, A. F., & Solbakk, A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115227 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
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“Response inhibition deficits have also been demonstrated in college-aged adolescents with ADHD (Ossman & Mulligan, 2003).”
BackgroundDissociation of motor and sensory inhibition processes in normal aging
Anguera, J., & Gazzaley, A. (2011) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2011.08.024 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Previous work has extended the principles of this theory to span different inhibitory domains in older adults using behavioral metrics (Butler and Zacks, 2006; Ossmann and Mulligan, 2003).”
BackgroundOvertoom, C. C. E., Bekker, E. M., van der Molen, M. W., Verbaten, M. N., Kooij, J. J. S., Buitelaar, J. K., & Kenemans, J. L. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.10.048 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
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“viduals may also experience additional neuropsychological difficulties associated with memory [5], executive func-”
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“Previous clinical ADHD studies examining cognitive processes report similar sample sizes compared to our current sample (50, 51).”
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“The most prominent deficit of adult ADHD is attentional dysfunction, especially related to impaired attention, inhibition, memory, and executive functioning (Boonstra et al., 2005; Mowinckel et al., 2015; Ossmann & Mulligan, 2003).”
BackgroundChristiansen, H., & Oades, R. D. (2009) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054708325974 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
MacLaren, V. V., Taukulis, H. K., & Best, L. A. (2007) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-007-9042-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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“…of cognitive core symptoms, e.g., inattention and impulsivity, children (Grodzinsky & Barkley, 1999; Teicher, Ito, Glod, & Barber, 1996) and adults (Ossman & Mulligan, 2003; Weyandt, Mitzlaff, & Thomas, 2002) with ADHD tend to display higher rates of errors related to cognitive deficits, i.e.,…”
BackgroundUnderstood: Real-Time Communication Support for Adults with ADHD Using Mixed Reality
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“Notably, adults with ADHD experience marked impairments in executive functions [11, 76], working memory [61], and cognitive flexibility [68], which together contribute to the broader difficulties associated with the disorder.”
Dinu, L. M., Singh, S. N., Baker, N. S., Georgescu, A. L., Overton, P. G., & Dommett, E. J. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0294911 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Firstly, we used the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) task, a type of Continuous Performance Task (CPT) which has been shown to differentiate those with ADHD from controls [61–63].”
InfluentialDepartment of Psychiatry, P. U. S. O. M., Yücens, B., Kart, A., Department of Psychiatry, U. O. H. S., Tümkaya, S., & Department of Psychiatry, P. U. S. O. M. (2021) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.5152/pcp.2021.21200 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“51 It has been reported that there are excessive mind wandering 52 and episodes of long-lasting, highly focused attention termed ‘hyperfocus’ in adults with ADHD.”
BackgroundRhodes, J. D. (2022) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547221130454 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…the disorder are related to neurocognitive functions (e.g., attentional deficits), adults with ADHD experience impairments in inhibition and memory (Ossmann & Mulligan, 2003), decision making (Mowinckel et al., 2015), executive functioning (Boonstra et al., 2005), and emotion regulation (Retz et…”
BackgroundKahan, T. A., Slowiaczek, L. M., Altschuler, M. R., & Harrison, A. C. M. (2020) · Journal of experimental psychology. General · doi:10.1037/xge0000634 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Adult ADHD and Its Familial Associations: Neuropsychological Profiles and Psychiatric Comorbidities
Makkar, T. K., Arun, P., Gupta, N., & Mittal, H. (2025) · Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1177/09731342251375193 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“17 The most common morbidities found were substance use disorder (6%), which can be attributed to shared characteristics such as dopaminergic dysregulation of the motivational and reward system, or decreased functioning in the frontal lobe, followed by anxiety disorder (5%), in which common brain…”
Lee, D., & Riccio, C. A. (2009) · The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.15842/kjcp.2009.28.3.008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Moussaoui, S., Siddiqi, A. A., Cheung, T. C., & Niemeier, M. (2025) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617725101628
“…times, more frequent direction errors (Schwerdtfeger et al., 2013), and heightened distractibility by task-irrelevant gaze cues (Lee et al., 2015; Ossmann & Mulligan, 2003), often co-occurring with deficits in response inhibition and prefrontal executive function (Schneider et al., 2006;…”
Fuermaier, A. B. M., Tucha, L., de Vries, S. D., Koerts, J., de Waard, D., Brookhuis, K., & Tucha, O. (2016) · Neuropraxis · doi:10.1007/s12474-015-0107-y
“De meest robuuste bevinding met betrekking tot executieve functies wijst op een verminderd werkgeheugen bij personen met ADHD [10, 11], echter, ook tekorten op het gebied van impulscontrole [7, 12, 13], cognitieve flexibiliteit [14, 15], verbale vloeiendheid [6, 16, 17], planning en probleemoplossend vermogen [8, 18,…”
Background
- Authors
- Ossmann, J. M., & Mulligan, N. W.
- Affiliations
- Southern Methodist University (US)
- ORCID
- Mulligan, Neil W.
- Venue
- The American Journal of Psychology
- Publisher
- University of Illinois Press
- Published
- 2003
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 35
- ISSN
- 0002-9556 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2334328750
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The American Journal of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- adult ADHD, cognitive inhibition, response inhibition, negative priming, continuous performance test, working memory capacity, attentional capacity, inhibitory control
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Attention, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Cognition, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Models, Psychological, Psychomotor Performance, Texas
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