The DOI matches its Crossref record.
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
Abstract
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa is an ambitious masterwork of political economy, detailing the impact of slavery and colonialism on the history of international capitalism. In this classic book, Rodney makes the unflinching case that African “mal-development” is not a natural feature of geography, but a direct product of imperial extraction from the continent, a practice that continues up into the present. Meticulously researched, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa remains a relevant study for understanding the so-called “great divergence” between Africa and Europe, just as it remains a prescient resource for grasping the multiplication of global inequality today. In this new edition, Angela Davis offers a striking foreword to the book, exploring its lasting contributions to a revolutionary and feminist practice of anti-imperialism.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Epistemic Freedom in Africa: Deprovincialization and Decolonization
Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. J. (2018) · doi:10.4324/9780429492204 · Cited by 1,010
Digital colonialism: US empire and the new imperialism in the Global South
Kwet, M. (2019) · Race & Class · doi:10.1177/0306396818823172 · Cited by 779
Hickel, J., Dorninger, C., Wieland, H., & Suwandi, I. (2022) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102467 · Cited by 755
Bhambra, G. K. (2014) · Bloomsbury Publishing Plc eBooks · doi:10.5040/9781472544377 · Cited by 692
Decoloniality as the Future of Africa
Ndlovu‐Gatsheni, S. J. (2015) · History Compass · doi:10.1111/hic3.12264 · Cited by 659
Cause and response: vulnerability and climate in the Anthropocene
Ribot, J. (2014) · The Journal of Peasant Studies · doi:10.1080/03066150.2014.894911 · Cited by 605
An African Success Story: BotswanaPreprint
Acemoğlu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A. (2001) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.290791 · Cited by 604
Trends and Challenges of Traditional Medicine in Africa
Abdullahi, A. (2011) · African Journal of Traditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines · doi:10.4314/ajtcam.v8i5s.5 · Cited by 573
Unsettling care: Troubling transnational itineraries of care in feminist health practices
Murphy, M. (2015) · Social Studies of Science · doi:10.1177/0306312715589136 · Cited by 551
Black matters are spatial matters: Black geographies for the twenty‐first century
Hawthorne, C. (2019) · Geography Compass · doi:10.1111/gec3.12468 · Cited by 386
Stewart, D. M. (2005) · doi:10.1093/0195154150.001.0001 · Cited by 382
White innocence in the Black Mediterranean: hospitality and the erasure of history
Danewid, I. (2017) · Third World Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01436597.2017.1331123 · Cited by 380
Colonial global economy: towards a theoretical reorientation of political economy
Bhambra, G. K. (2020) · Review of International Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09692290.2020.1830831 · Cited by 356
INTERROGATING RACISM: Toward an Antiracist Anthropology
Mullings, L. (2005) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093435 · Cited by 348
Pre-Colonial Institutions, Post-Colonial States, and Economic Development in Tropical Africa
Englebert, P. (2000) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/106591290005300101 · Cited by 342
Austin, G. (2008) · Journal of International Development · doi:10.1002/jid.1510 · Cited by 336
Hickel, J., Sullivan, D., & Zoomkawala, H. (2021) · New Political Economy · doi:10.1080/13563467.2021.1899153 · Cited by 335
The anti-Blackness of global capital
Bledsoe, A., & Wright, W. J. (2018) · Environment and Planning D Society and Space · doi:10.1177/0263775818805102 · Cited by 328
Social Entrepreneurship in Sub-Saharan Africa
Rivera‐Santos, M., Holt, D., Littlewood, D. C., & Kolk, A. (2014) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.5465/amp.2013.0128 · Cited by 327
Dependency redux: why Africa is not rising
Taylor, I. (2015) · Review of African Political Economy · doi:10.1080/03056244.2015.1084911 · Cited by 297
African peasantries: A theoretical framework
Bernstein, H. (1979) · The Journal of Peasant Studies · doi:10.1080/03066157908438084 · Cited by 295
Beyond the Stereotype: Restating the Relevance of the Dependency Research Programme
Kvangraven, I. H. (2020) · Development and Change · doi:10.1111/dech.12593 · Cited by 296
De‐centring the ‘White Gaze’ of Development
Pailey, R. N. (2019) · Development and Change · doi:10.1111/dech.12550 · Cited by 293
(2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478023371 · Cited by 259
Harvey, D. (1995) · Rethinking Marxism · doi:10.1080/08935699508685463 · Cited by 207
Multiculturalism, universalism, and science education
Stanley, W. B., & Brickhouse, N. W. (1994) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.3730780405 · Cited by 205
The Volume of the Atlantic Slave Trade: A Synthesis
Lovejoy, P. E. (1982) · The Journal of African History · doi:10.1017/s0021853700021319 · Cited by 204
Full Employment and Price Stability
Mosler, W. (1997) · Journal of Post Keynesian Economics · doi:10.1080/01603477.1997.11490146 · Cited by 189
The Principles and Content of African Traditional Education
Adeyemi, M. B., & Adeyinka, A. A. (2003) · Educational Philosophy and Theory · doi:10.1111/1469-5812.00039 · Cited by 174
Toward an Indigenous, decolonizing school leadership: A literature review
Khalifa, M. A., Khalil, D., Marsh, T. E. J., & Halloran, C. (2019) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0013161x18809348 · Cited by 171
Movers and Shakers: Social Movements in Africa
Ellis, S. (2008) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/ej.9789004180130.i-260 · Cited by 171
Kimari, W., & Ernstson, H. (2020) · Antipode · doi:10.1111/anti.12623 · Cited by 160
More than a metaphor: ‘climate colonialism’ in perspective
Bhambra, G. K., & Newell, P. J. (2022) · Global Social Challenges Journal · doi:10.1332/eiem6688 · Cited by 159
Bringing in the outsiders: reshaping the sciences of the future
Brickhouse, N. W. (1994) · Journal of Curriculum Studies · doi:10.1080/0022027940260404 · Cited by 153
Mutegi, J. W. (2011) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.20410 · Cited by 150
Climate change and agrarian struggles: an invitation to contribute to a JPS Forum
Borras, S. M., Scoones, I., Baviskar, A., Edelman, M., Peluso, N. L., & Wolford, W. (2021) · The Journal of Peasant Studies · doi:10.1080/03066150.2021.1956473 · Cited by 148
Geopolitics at the margins? Reconsidering genealogies of critical geopolitics
Sharp, J. P. (2013) · Political Geography · doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2013.04.006 · Cited by 145
The Sustainable Development Goals, anthropocentrism and neoliberalism
Adelman, S. (2018) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781786438768.00008 · Cited by 145
Sullivan, D., & Hickel, J. (2022) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106026 · Cited by 144
Modernist discourse and the crisis of development theory
Manzo, K. (1991) · Studies in Comparative International Development · doi:10.1007/bf02717866 · Cited by 144
In a fix: Africa’s place in the Belt and Road Initiative and the reproduction of dependency
Taylor, I., & Zajontz, T. (2020) · South African Journal of International Affairs · doi:10.1080/10220461.2020.1830165 · Cited by 140
Biofuels, land grabbing and food security in Africa
(2011) · Zed Books Ltd · doi:10.5040/9781350218673 · Cited by 138
Unsettling responsibility: postcolonial interventions
Noxolo, P., Raghuram, P., & Madge, C. (2011) · Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers · doi:10.1111/j.1475-5661.2011.00474.x · Cited by 137
Obesity as malnutrition: The role of capitalism in the obesity global epidemic
Wells, J. C. K. (2012) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.22253 · Cited by 137
The chronopolitics of racial time
Mills, C. W. (2020) · Time & Society · doi:10.1177/0961463x20903650 · Cited by 137
The Neglected Continent of IS Research: A Research Agenda for Sub-Saharan Africa
Datta, P. M., Byrd, T. A., Okoli, C., & Mbarika, V. (2005) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1jais.00067 · Cited by 134
Wynants, M., Kelly, C., Mtei, K., Munishi, L. K., Patrick, A., Rabinovich, A., Nasseri, M., Gilvear, D., Roberts, N., Boeckx, P., et al. (2019) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-019-01520-9 · Cited by 133
Decolonizing Development Education and the Pursuit of Social Justice
Sultana, F. (2019) · Human Geography · doi:10.1177/194277861901200305 · Cited by 130
Rethinking Fairness: An Interdisciplinary Survey of Critiques of Hegemonic ML Fairness Approaches
Weinberg, L. (2022) · Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research · doi:10.1613/jair.1.13196 · Cited by 127
Globalization and the sociology of Immanuel Wallerstein: A critical appraisal
Robinson, W. I. (2011) · International Sociology · doi:10.1177/0268580910393372 · Cited by 127
Dependency: a Critical Synthesis of the Literature
Chilcote, R. H. (1974) · Latin American Perspectives · doi:10.1177/0094582x7400100101 · Cited by 126
Briggs, J. A. G., & Mwamfupe, D. (2000) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1080/00420980050004026 · Cited by 124
Toward an Ethnography of the National Economy
Appel, H. (2017) · Cultural Anthropology · doi:10.14506/ca32.2.09 · Cited by 123
Assié-Lumumba, N. T. (2016) · Comparative Education Review · doi:10.1086/689922 · Cited by 121
Decolonising the curriculum beyond the surge: Conceptualisation, positionality and conduct
Moghli, M. A., & Kadiwal, L. (2021) · London Review of Education · doi:10.14324/lre.19.1.23 · Cited by 121
On the coloniality of global public health
Richardson, E. T. (2019) · Medicine Anthropology Theory · doi:10.17157/mat.6.4.761 · Cited by 120
Geographies of Development: New Maps, New Visions?
Sidaway, J. D. (2011) · The Professional Geographer · doi:10.1080/00330124.2011.586878 · Cited by 116
Gatzweiler, F. W., & von Braun, J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25718-1 · Cited by 116
Fraser, N. W. (2017) · Economic Geography · doi:10.1080/00130095.2017.1398045 · Cited by 110
A Case of Mistaken Identity: “China Inc.” and Its “Imperialism” in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Taylor, I., & Xiao, Y. (2009) · Asian Politics & Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1943-0787.2009.01149.x · Cited by 109
Education for sustainable development in Africa: a critique of regional agendas
Tikly, L. P. (2019) · Asia Pacific Education Review · doi:10.1007/s12564-019-09600-5 · Cited by 109
Alternatives to sustainable development: what can we learn from the pluriverse in practice?
Kaul, S., Akbulut, B., Demaria, F., & Gerber, J. (2022) · Sustainability Science · doi:10.1007/s11625-022-01210-2 · Cited by 108
The Rise and Fall of OPEC in the Twentieth Century
Garavini, G. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198832836.001.0001 · Cited by 107
THE EVOLUTION OF A ‘PLANTATION’ TOURISM LANDSCAPE ON THE CARIBBEAN ISLAND OF ANTIGUA
Weaver, D. B. (1988) · Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9663.1988.tb01318.x · Cited by 107
Cultural inclusion, exclusion and the formative roles of museums
Coffee, K. (2008) · Museum Management and Curatorship · doi:10.1080/09647770802234078 · Cited by 106
The Discursive Politics of Adaptation to Climate Change
Mikulewicz, M. (2020) · Annals of the American Association of Geographers · doi:10.1080/24694452.2020.1736981 · Cited by 105
The World Bank, Governance and Theories of Political Action in Africa
Harrison, G. (2005) · The British Journal of Politics and International Relations · doi:10.1111/j.1467-856x.2005.00175.x · Cited by 104
AFRICAN GROWTH RECURRING: AN ECONOMIC HISTORY PERSPECTIVE ON AFRICAN GROWTH EPISODES, 1690–2010
Jerven, M. (2010) · Economic History of Developing Regions · doi:10.1080/20780389.2010.527685 · Cited by 100
Reframing development theory: the significance of the idea of uneven and combined development
Makki, F. (2015) · Theory and Society · doi:10.1007/s11186-015-9252-9 · Cited by 100
Power and Agency in Precolonial African States
Monroe, J. C. (2013) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-092412-155539 · Cited by 98
Williams, C. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/chol9780521846257.011 · Cited by 98
Dependence and dependencia theory: notes toward precision of concept and argument
Duvall, R. D. (1978) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818300003866 · Cited by 94
As formas africanas de auto-inscrição
Mbembé, A. (2001) · Estudos Afro-Asiáticos · doi:10.1590/s0101-546x2001000100007 · Cited by 93
Capitalism and unfree labor: a review of Marxist perspectives on modern slavery
Rioux, S., LeBaron, G., & Verovšek, P. J. (2019) · Review of International Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09692290.2019.1650094 · Cited by 92
Decolonizing Global Citizenship Education
Abdi, A. A. (2015) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6300-277-6_2 · Cited by 92
de Zwart, P., & van Zanden, J. L. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108551410 · Cited by 91
The Palgrave Handbook of International Development
Jones, G. A., & Rodgers, D. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-42724-3 · Cited by 90
Postcarbon Amnesia: Toward a Recognition of Racial Grief in Renewable Energy Futures
Lennon, M. (2020) · Science Technology & Human Values · doi:10.1177/0162243919900556 · Cited by 90
Harvey, M. J. (2020) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2020.305996 · Cited by 89
Ford, D. R., & Jandric, P. (2022) · Postdigital science and education · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97262-2 · Cited by 89
The making of an imperial slum: Nyasaland and its railways, 1895–1935
Vail, L. (1975) · The Journal of African History · doi:10.1017/s0021853700014122 · Cited by 88
Reconceptualizing autonomy: The difference dependency theory makes
Blaney, D. L. (1996) · Review of International Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09692299608434365 · Cited by 88
The coloniality of time in the global justice debate: de-centring Western linear temporality
Hunfeld, K. (2022) · Journal of Global Ethics · doi:10.1080/17449626.2022.2052151 · Cited by 88
‘Building back better’ is neoliberal post‐disaster reconstruction
Cheek, W., & Chmutina, K. (2021) · Disasters · doi:10.1111/disa.12502 · Cited by 86
Psychiatry in Africa: an overview
Odejide, A. O., Oyewunmi, L. K., & OHAERI, J. U. (1989) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.146.6.708 · Cited by 86
What is environmental racism for? Place-based harm and relational development
Seamster, L., & Purifoy, D. (2021) · Environmental Sociology · doi:10.1080/23251042.2020.1790331 · Cited by 85
Obeng‐Odoom, F. (2015) · American Journal of Economics and Sociology · doi:10.1111/ajes.12101 · Cited by 84
Lynch, M. J., Stretesky, P. B., & Long, M. A. (2018) · Theoretical Criminology · doi:10.1177/1362480618790982 · Cited by 84
Decolonizing Philosophies of Education
Abdi, A. A. (2012) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6091-687-8_1 · Cited by 84
‘The Ethiopian famine’ revisited: Band Aid and the antipolitics of celebrity humanitarian action
Müller, T. R. (2012) · Disasters · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.2012.01293.x · Cited by 83
Zalik, A. (2018) · International Social Science Journal · doi:10.1111/issj.12159 · Cited by 83
Oro blanco: assembling extractivism in the lithium triangle
Soto-Hernández, D., & Newell, P. J. (2022) · The Journal of Peasant Studies · doi:10.1080/03066150.2022.2080061 · Cited by 83
Coloniality and globalization: a decolonial take
Mignolo, W. D. (2020) · Globalizations · doi:10.1080/14747731.2020.1842094 · Cited by 82
Green Criminology: Capitalism, Green Crime and Justice, and Environmental Destruction
Lynch, M. J., & Long, M. A. (2021) · Annual Review of Criminology · doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-030920-114647 · Cited by 82
Dove, N. (1998) · Journal of Black Studies · doi:10.1177/002193479802800501 · Cited by 82
‘I like Your Colour!’ Skin Bleaching and Geographies of Race in Urban Ghana
Pierre, J. (2008) · Feminist Review · doi:10.1057/fr.2008.36 · Cited by 80
Bakre, O. M. (2004) · Critical Perspectives on Accounting · doi:10.1016/j.cpa.2004.02.007 · Cited by 80
“The quickening of the unknown”
Guyer, J. I. (2013) · Hau Journal of Ethnographic Theory · doi:10.14318/hau3.3.012 · Cited by 79
Decolonising development studies: reflections on critical pedagogies in action
Langdon, J. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d études du développement · doi:10.1080/02255189.2013.825205 · Cited by 79
Defiant scholarship: Dismantling coloniality in contemporary African geographies
Daley, P., & Murrey, A. (2022) · Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography · doi:10.1111/sjtg.12422 · Cited by 78
Metadata
- Authors
- Gerhart, G. M., & Rodney, W.
- Venue
- Foreign Affairs
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1997
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 237
- ISSN
- 0015-7120 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4246066143
- Cited by
- 2,530
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 110 · 2024: 229 · 2023: 274 · 2022: 298 · 2021: 229 · 2020: 205 · 2019: 148 · 2018: 117 · 2017: 106 · 2016: 95 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 62
- FWCI
- 48.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Foreign Affairs (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › African history and culture studies
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › World Systems and Global Transformations
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Economy and Marxism
- Keywords
- European colonialism, underdevelopment, Africa, colonialism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review