The DOI matches its Crossref record.
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
Abstract
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa is an ambitious masterwork of political economy, detailing the impact of slavery and colonialism on the history of international capitalism. In this classic book, Rodney makes the unflinching case that African “mal-development” is not a natural feature of geography, but a direct product of imperial extraction from the continent, a practice that continues up into the present. Meticulously researched, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa remains a relevant study for understanding the so-called “great divergence” between Africa and Europe, just as it remains a prescient resource for grasping the multiplication of global inequality today. In this new edition, Angela Davis offers a striking foreword to the book, exploring its lasting contributions to a revolutionary and feminist practice of anti-imperialism.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 2,401–2,500 of 2,519
SOFT(i)ssues: Trade, Economics, Sustainable Economic Development and Good Governance
Magu, S. M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-67344-3_9
Economics of Circumfauna: A Fashion Case Study
Katcher, J., & Katof, T. J. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-63083-5_12
LEFT LIMITS AND BLACK POSSIBILITIES
(2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478023814-004
TOWARD A MIDDLE / PASSAGE METHODOLOGY
(2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478023814-003
(2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478023814-006
Safaricom's Austere Labor Regime
(2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478060093-007
(2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478060093-005
(2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478060093-006
6 Work as Metaphor, Labour as Metonymy
Jackson, S. N. (2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781478023814-010
Chapter Three . The Names-of- the- Fathers
Shirinian, T. R. (2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781478060109-005
(2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478060109-003
(2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478060109-005
From National Survival to National Perversion
(2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478060109-002
(2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478060109-006
3 “Tropicalising” technologies: Cable and Wireless Ltd. and Making Broadcasting “Work”
PARK, E. (2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781478060093-007
(2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478060093-002
Chapter Six . The Politics of “No!”
Shirinian, T. R. (2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781478060109-008
(2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478060093-003
Mending the Red-Black Thread: Marxism, the Black Radical Tradition, and the Robinson Thesis
Walsh, O. (2024) · Science & Society · doi:10.1521/siso.2024.88.4.540
(2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478023814-010
(2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478023814-008
(2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478023814-001
(2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478023814-009
(2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478023814-005
(2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478023814-002
(2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478060109-009
Futures without Daddy, or On Not Surviving
(2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478060109-008
(2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478060109-010
(2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478060109-001
(2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478060093-010
(2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478060093-008
(2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478060093-009
(2024) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478060093-001
De-neocolonizing and Redesigning African Education for Success in the Digital Age
Zewde, A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-66304-8_5
Max Weber’s Critical Basic Terms for Theorizing Social Closure Reconsidered
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.003.0008
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.003.0012
A Critical Discussion of the Theory of Social Closure
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.003.0002
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.003.0023
Towards an Explanation of Social Closure
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.003.0022
A New Approach to Social Closure
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.003.0015
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.003.0010
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.002.0007
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.003.0009
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.003.0016
A New Concept of Life Chances / Chances of Survival in the Opportunity Structure
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.003.0018
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.003.0014
Reorganizing Relations of Social Closure
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.003.0019
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.003.0021
A New Concept of Social Closure
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.003.0020
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.003.0025
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.003.0004
Life Chances / Chances of Survival: The Real Goal of Closure Struggles
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.003.0013
Reconsidering, Problematizing, and Introducing Critical Concepts for Closure Theory
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.003.0007
The Explanatory Logic of Social Closure
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.003.0024
Group Action and Acting in Solidarity
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.003.0011
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.003.0017
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.002.0008
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.003.0001
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.002.0004
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.003.0003
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.002.0003
Going Beyond the Theory of Social Closure
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.003.0006
Critical Shortcomings of the Theory of Social Closure
Mackert, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.003.0005
Black Philosophical Condition From Pre-Colony to Post-Colony
Amoateng, N. K. (2024) · Journal of Black Studies · doi:10.1177/00219347241293801
Kinsey, D. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32152-8_8
African Past and the Sin of ‘Pre-Coloniality’
Ofuasia, E. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-76392-2_1
Alawi, M. H., & Rwegashora, A. (2024) · International Journal of Social Science and Human Research · doi:10.47191/ijsshr/v7-i12-54
Sule, B. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-77110-1_1
Neocolonialism: A Discussion of US Activities in the Horn of Africa
Dessie, Y. (2025) · Insight on Africa · doi:10.1177/09750878241295977
Diaby, K. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5043489
A Single Bangle Does Not Jingle: The Twinning Imperative of Ubuntu
Hlabangane, N. (2025) · International Journal of Critical Diversity Studies · doi:10.13169/intecritdivestud.7.1.0068
Long Walk to Democracy: Constitut(ionalis)ing Sovereign Responsibility
Schraten, J. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-77547-5_4
Allen, M. H. (2024) · Political pedagogies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-72072-7_10
Black Internationalism “Black Internationalism: Relentless Struggle, Deep Study, and Critique”
Ayuak, S., & Koomen, J. (2024) · Political pedagogies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-72072-7_27
Salihu, H. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-74535-5_17
Oyekola, I. A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-74535-5_13
Ifedi, J. A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-74535-5_19
Europe, from the Interwar Period to the Decolonization Process: Anti-Colonialism and Europeanism?
Ledesma, P. A., & Cuadrado, J. (2025) · Contributions to political science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-66077-1_6
Ramesh, S. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-84185-9_1
de Oliveira, F. A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-25900-5_17-1
The red bear: class politics and international solidarity in Bamse
Åman, R. (2025) · Journal of Graphic Novels & Comics · doi:10.1080/21504857.2025.2483846
Decolonizing research: recommendations from a migrant home photovoice study
Jankowski, G. S. (2025) · Qualitative Research in Psychology · doi:10.1080/14780887.2025.2485941
‘Bringing It All Back Home’—Coloniality in the UK
Jayawickrama, J., & Wright, J. (2025) · The politics of mental health and illness · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78258-9_5
Public Services and the Neoliberal State
Kinder, T. (2025) · Contributions to Public Administration and Public Policy · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-81140-1_7
Global Politics and Recent Political Changes in West and Central Africa: A Decolonial Analysis
Moyo, F., & Khumalo, S. (2025) · Global power shift · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-83868-2_18
Introduction: Reflections on Global Storms from African Locus of Enunciation
Ndlovu‐Gatsheni, S. J., & Moyo, G. (2025) · Global power shift · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-83868-2_1
Summers, B. T., & Robinson, J. (2025) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119634294.ch13
Anti-immigrant Sentiment as Lack of Awareness on Global Inequalities and Indebtedness
Schöpf, C. M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-2336-5_7
Natural Resources Commodification in the Niger Delta, Nigeria
Ebhohimhen, O. (2025) · Science & Society · doi:10.1177/00368237251334197
Deliberative spaces and permanent affordable housing: The case of Proud Ground Community Land Trust
Lowe, J. S. (2025) · Journal of Race Ethnicity and the City · doi:10.1080/26884674.2025.2502330
Papadakis, S. (2025) · Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers · doi:10.1111/tran.70016
On the Birth of the Third World: Notes Towards an Intellectual History
Basu, S. (2025) · Global Nineteenth-Century Studies · doi:10.3828/gncs.2025.6
“Law and (Which?) Literature”: Capture Theory, Law and the Poetry of Wole Soyinka
Omoha, O. (2025) · Literatur und Recht · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-69851-8_11
Seriously ill migrants in European human rights: framing global inequalities
Khanna, V. (2025) · The International Journal of Human Rights · doi:10.1080/13642987.2025.2501571
Curriculum as a Complicated Conversation in Zimbabwe
Muzenda, N. (2025) · Curriculum studies worldwide · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-84659-5_7
The afterlives of Gregory Smith: blackness, queerness and viral insurgency
Gossett, C. (2025) · Sexualities · doi:10.1177/13634607251344482
Ihuoma, C., & Etuk, A. U. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73695-7_14
Post-colonial Dependency of Africa and Vaccine Nationalism in the COVID-19 Era
Elechi Felix, A. J. A., & Ohazuruike, K. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73695-7_16
Metadata
- Authors
- Gerhart, G. M., & Rodney, W.
- Venue
- Foreign Affairs
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1997
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 237
- ISSN
- 0015-7120 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4246066143
- Cited by
- 2,530
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 110 · 2024: 229 · 2023: 274 · 2022: 298 · 2021: 229 · 2020: 205 · 2019: 148 · 2018: 117 · 2017: 106 · 2016: 95 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 62
- FWCI
- 48.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Foreign Affairs (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › African history and culture studies
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › World Systems and Global Transformations
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Economy and Marxism
- Keywords
- European colonialism, underdevelopment, Africa, colonialism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review