Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 324

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Granger Causality and the Times Series Analysis of Political Relationships

Freeman, John R.·1983·American Journal of Political Science

Abstract

Political scientists have employed causal modeling techniques for quite some time. In most cases, however, they have relied on methods of a static, cross-sectional variety. Time series methods have been disseminated and applied, but these have not been expressly causal. The problem of assessing the causal character or direction of political relationships over time has not been addressed. Granger (1969) has suggested a notion of causality that is applicable in longitudinal analysis. The study and application of Granger's idea of causation now is widespread in economics and business. This discussion evaluates the usefulness of applying Granger causality in the study of political relationships. Granger's definition of causality is introduced, several popular procedures for assessing Granger causality are reviewed, and certain problems surrounding interpretation of those empirical tests are elucidated. The virtues and pitfalls of Granger causal analysis then are illustrated in an analysis of an important topic in international political economy and also in a reanalysis of a recent Granger causal investigation of arms races.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2307/2111021

Cites

31 of 31 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 31 references

Cited by

See all 324

Metadata

Authors
Freeman, J. R.
Venue
American Journal of Political Science
Publisher
JSTOR
Published
1983-05
Volume
27
Issue
2
Pages
327
ISSN
0092-5853 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2003694399
Cited by
324
References
31
FWCI
58.92
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Granger Causality and the Times Series Analysis of Political Relationships. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2307/2111021
The paper
Freeman, J. R. (1983). Granger Causality and the Times Series Analysis of Political Relationships. American Journal of Political Science. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111021

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.