Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 592

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 25 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Two Explanations for Negativity Effects in Political Behavior

Lau, Richard R.·1985·American Journal of Political Science
DOI 10.2307/2111215
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Evidence is provided for two different types of negativity effects in political behavior, a perceptual figure-ground negativity based on the greater salience of negative information in a largely positive world, and a motivational cost orientation negativity based on the survival value of avoiding costs rather than approaching gains. It is argued that the perception of presidential candidates is affected by both types of negativity effects, but that negativity in congressional elections is based solely on perceptual processes. The implications of these two different types of negativity effects for the future of American politics are discussed.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2307/2111215

Cites

25 of 25 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 25 references

Cited by

See all 592

Metadata

Authors
Lau, R. R.
Venue
American Journal of Political Science
Publisher
JSTOR
Published
1985-02
Volume
29
Issue
1
Pages
119
ISSN
0092-5853 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.2307/2111215
OpenAlex
W2318596165
Cited by
592
References
25
FWCI
23.17
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Two Explanations for Negativity Effects in Political Behavior. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2307/2111215
The paper
Lau, R. R. (1985). Two Explanations for Negativity Effects in Political Behavior. American Journal of Political Science. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111215

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.