The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Multi-Dimensional Threat Perception and State Repression: An Inquiry into Why States Apply Negative Sanctions
Abstract
Christian Davenport, Multi-Dimensional Threat Perception and State Repression: An Inquiry into Why States Apply Negative Sanctions, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 39, No. 3 (Aug., 1995), pp. 683-713
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“As noted long ago by Davenport (1995), the intensity of repressive actions employed by governments is often dependent on the level of threat perception.”
From The Long Arm and the Iron Fist: Authoritarian Crackdowns and Transnational Repression (2024) · cites this paper as Davenport (1995)
In the citing paper
“Over 50 years of research on repression shows that the major predictor of most forms of repression is the extent to which a movement or group is a threat (5, 19, 175).”
From Physical and virtual repertoires of contention (2022) · cites this paper as [175]
In the citing paper
“Other factors known from decades of research on repression, such as the structure of political opportunities (177, 178) and/or the weakness of challengers (5, 19, 175), may also affect digital repression.”
From Physical and virtual repertoires of contention (2022) · cites this paper as [175]
Citations
Cites
The third wave: democratization in the late twentieth century
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-4135 · Cited by 7,981
From Mobilization to Revolution
Tilly, C. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315205021-5 · Cited by 4,010
A re-assessment of the concept of political support.
Easton, D. (1975) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123400008309 · Cited by 3,088
Summers, R. J., & HESTON, A. W. (1988) · Review of Income and Wealth · doi:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1988.tb00558.x · Cited by 1,249
Harvey, A. C. (1981) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,091
World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators
(1965) · International Affairs · doi:10.1093/ia/41.2.316a · Cited by 1,058
Applied Time Series Analysis for the Social Sciences.
Berk, R. A., McCleary, R., & Hay, R. A. (1981) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2067244 · Cited by 1,036
The Econometric Analysis of Time Series.
Godfrey, L. G., & Harvey, A. C. (1983) · Economica · doi:10.2307/2554072 · Cited by 911
Regression in Space and Time: A Statistical Essay
Stimson, J. A. (1985) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2111187 · Cited by 899
Issues in the Comparative Measurement of Political Democracy
Bollen, K. A. (1980) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095172 · Cited by 777
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 623
Herkenrath, M., & Knoll, A. (2011) · International Journal of Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1177/0020715211405417 · Cited by 85
‘The People are Revolting’: An Anatomy of Authoritarian Counterinsurgency
Ucko, D. H. (2015) · Journal of Strategic Studies · doi:10.1080/01402390.2015.1094390 · Cited by 85
Grauvogel, J., Licht, A. A., & von Soest, C. (2017) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1093/isq/sqw044 · Cited by 91
The Consequences of Contention: Understanding the Aftereffects of Political Conflict and Violence
Davenport, C., Nygård, H. M., Fjelde, H., & Armstrong, D. (2019) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-064057 · Cited by 89
Self-citationRevisiting the Causal Links between Economic Sanctions and Human Rights Violations
Liou, R. Y.-L., Murdie, A., & Peksen, D. (2020) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912920941596 · Cited by 84
Hill, D. W., Moore, W. H., & Mukherjee, B. (2013) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/isqu.12022 · Cited by 83
Threats, opportunity, and force: Repression and diversion of domestic pressure, 1948–1982
Enterline, A. J., & Gleditsch, K. S. (2000) · International Interactions · doi:10.1080/03050620008434960 · Cited by 82
Domestic legal traditions and states’ human rights practices
Mitchell, S. M., Ring, J. J., & Spellman, M. K. (2013) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343312466561 · Cited by 81
Wood, R. M., & Wright, T. M. (2016) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002715596366 · Cited by 68
Taming the Gods: How Religious Conflict Shapes State Repression
Henne, P. S., & Klocek, J. (2019) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002717728104 · Cited by 81
Oneal, J. R., & Tir, J. (2006) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2006.00424.x · Cited by 79
Street-level Repression: Protest, Policing, and Dissent in Uganda
Curtice, T., & Behlendorf, B. (2020) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002720939304 · Cited by 74
When States Come Out: Europe's Sexual Minorities and the Politics of Visibility
Ayoub, P. M. (2016) · Cited by 76
Political Repression and Public Perceptions of Human Rights
Anderson, C. J., Regan, P. M., & Ostergard, R. L. (2002) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/106591290205500208 · Cited by 74
Authoritarian backsliding and the concentration of political power
Dresden, J. R., & Howard, M. M. (2015) · Democratization · doi:10.1080/13510347.2015.1045884 · Cited by 81
A Checkpoint Effect? Evidence from a Natural Experiment on Travel Restrictions in the West Bank
Longo, M., Canetti, D., & Hite-Rubin, N. (2014) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12109 · Cited by 73
Cortright, D., Seyle, C., & Wall, K. (2017) · Cited by 71
Sullivan, C. M., Loyle, C. E., & Davenport, C. (2012) · International Interactions · doi:10.1080/03050629.2012.697005 · Cited by 70
Self-citationUnder The Spotlight: The Impact of Media Attention on Protest Policing
Wisler, D., & Giugni, M. G. (1999) · Mobilization An International Quarterly · doi:10.17813/maiq.4.2.e02v758487330131 · Cited by 69
Blood in the Village: A Local-Level Investigation of State Massacres
Sullivan, C. M. (2012) · Conflict Management and Peace Science · doi:10.1177/0738894212449087 · Cited by 65
The Impacts of Repression: The Effect of Police Presence and Action on Subsequent Protest Rates
Earl, J., & Soule, S. A. (2010) · Research in social movements, conflicts and change · doi:10.1108/s0163-786x(2010)0000030006 · Cited by 65
IMF Conditionality, Threat Perception, and Political Repression
Franklin, J. C. (1997) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414097030005003 · Cited by 64
Davenport, C. (1997) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/s0261-3794(97)00032-2 · Cited by 64
Self-citationPredicting Risk Factors Associated with Forced Migration: An Early Warning Model of Haitian Flight
Shellman, S. M., & Stewart, B. (2007) · Civil Wars · doi:10.1080/13698240701207344 · Cited by 66
Carey, S. C., Gibney, M. P., & Poe, S. C. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511780486 · Cited by 63
Protesting the police: anti-police brutality claims as a predictor of police repression of protest
Reynolds-Stenson, H. (2018) · Social movement studies · doi:10.1080/14742837.2017.1381592 · Cited by 50
Harrelson-Stephens, J., & Callaway, R. L. (2003) · International Interactions · doi:10.1080/03050620304599 · Cited by 60
Protests and Repression in New Democracies
Aytaç, S. E., Schiumerini, L., & Stokes, S. C. (2017) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592716004138 · Cited by 60
Managing Threat, Cost, and Incentive to Kill
Kathman, J. D., & Wood, R. M. (2011) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002711408006 · Cited by 61
Leidner, B., & Li, M. (2015) · Peace and Conflict Journal of Peace Psychology · doi:10.1037/pac0000082 · Cited by 56
Layers of Political Repression: Integrating Research on Social Movement Repression
Earl, J., & Braithwaite, J. M. (2022) · Annual Review of Law and Social Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-050520-092713 · Cited by 60
The Paradox of Repression and Nonviolent Movements
Kurtz, L. R., Smithey, L. A., & Martin, B. (2018) · Syracuse University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctt20p56zh · Cited by 56
Social Spending Responses to Organized Labor and Mass Protests in Latin America, 1970-2007
Zárate‐Tenorio, B. A. (2014) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414013519409 · Cited by 57
A Zero-Sum Game? Repression and Protest in China
Li, Y. (2017) · Government and Opposition · doi:10.1017/gov.2017.24 · Cited by 52
‘The Full Weight of the State’: The Logic of Random State-Sanctioned Violence
Herreros, F. (2006) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343306069189 · Cited by 52
The States Must Be Crazy: Dissent and the Puzzle of Repressive Persistence
Davenport, C., & Loyle, C. E. (2011) · doi:10.4119/ijcv-2931 · Cited by 50
Self-citationThe Contracting Roots of Human Rights
Mousseau, M., & Mousseau, D. Y. (2008) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343308088813 · Cited by 50
When Do States Take the Bait? State Capacity and the Provocation Logic of Terrorism
Blankenship, B. (2016) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002716645656 · Cited by 50
Chang, P. Y., & Vitale, A. S. (2013) · Mobilization An International Quarterly · doi:10.17813/maiq.18.1.p84k823062334831 · Cited by 48
Sticks, Stones, and Broken Bones: Protest Violence and the State
Sullivan, H. (2018) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002718763932 · Cited by 49
Security Rights, Subsistence Rights and Liberties: A Theoretical Survey of the Empirical Landscape
Leblang, D. A., Milner, W. T., & Poe, S. C. (1999) · Human Rights Quarterly · doi:10.1353/hrq.1999.0025 · Cited by 49
The Puzzle of Abu Ghraib: Are Democratic Institutions a Palliative or Panacea?Preprint
Davenport, C., Moore, W. H., & Armstrong, D. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1022367 · Cited by 49
Self-citationThe Strategic Use of State Repression and Political Violence
deMeritt, J. H. R. (2016) · Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.32 · Cited by 79
Saxton, G. D. (2005) · International Interactions · doi:10.1080/03050620590919452 · Cited by 48
Measuring the Impact of Human Rights: Conceptual and Methodological Debates
Fariss, C. J., & Dancy, G. (2017) · Annual Review of Law and Social Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110316-113333 · Cited by 47
State Capacity, Democracy, and the Violation of Personal Integrity Rights
Young, J. K. (2009) · Journal of Human Rights · doi:10.1080/14754830903324712 · Cited by 48
Human rights treaties and mobilized dissent against the state
Ritter, E., & Conrad, C. (2015) · Revista Internacional de Organizaciones · doi:10.1007/s11558-015-9238-4 · Cited by 2
The Impact Of State Reforms On Protest Against Apartheid In South Africa
Olzak, S., Beasley, M., & Olivier, J. L. (2003) · Mobilization An International Quarterly · doi:10.17813/maiq.8.1.591168j626123341 · Cited by 46
Investor Rights versus Human Rights: Do Bilateral Investment Treaties Tilt the Scale?
Bodea, C., & Ye, F. (2018) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123418000042 · Cited by 28
How foreign pressure affects mass mobilization in favor of authoritarian regimes
Hellmeier, S. (2020) · European Journal of International Relations · doi:10.1177/1354066120934527 · Cited by 39
Constrained by the bank and the ballot
Conrad, C. R., & DeMeritt, J. H. R. (2013) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343312454556 · Cited by 45
Risk Factors for Forced Migrant Flight
Rubin, J. H., & Moore, W. H. (2007) · Conflict Management and Peace Science · doi:10.1080/07388940701257481 · Cited by 45
Discursive accommodation: popular protest and strategic elite communication in China
Steinhardt, H. C. (2016) · European Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s1755773916000102 · Cited by 44
Natural resource rents, political regimes and terrorism in Africa
Ajide, K. B., Adenuga, J. I., & Raheem, I. D. (2020) · International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.inteco.2020.04.003 · Cited by 42
Hendrix, C. S., & Salehyan, I. (2016) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002715620473 · Cited by 43
Arming the Peace: Foreign Security Assistance and Human Rights Conditions in Post-Conflict Countries
Sullivan, P. L., Blanken, L. J., & Rice, I. C. (2018) · Defence and Peace Economics · doi:10.1080/10242694.2018.1558388 · Cited by 41
Revolutionary mass uprisings in authoritarian regimes
Albrecht, H., & Koehler, K. (2020) · International Area Studies Review · doi:10.1177/2233865920909611 · Cited by 47
Introducing xSub: A new portal for cross-national data on subnational violence
Zhukov, Y., Davenport, C., & Kostyuk, N. (2019) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343319836697 · Cited by 43
Self-citationLeaders' Motivations and Actions: Explaining Government-Dissident Conflict-Cooperation Processes
Shellman, S. M. (2006) · Conflict Management and Peace Science · doi:10.1080/07388940500503820 · Cited by 40
Confronting Oppression with Violence: Inequality, Military Infrastructure and Dissident Repression
Ortiz, D. (2007) · Mobilization An International Quarterly · doi:10.17813/maiq.12.3.u18h874r87m32655 · Cited by 40
Neo-Biafra Separatist Agitations, State Repression and Insecurity in South-East, Nigeria
Nwangwu, C. (2022) · Society · doi:10.1007/s12115-022-00782-0 · Cited by 39
Earl, J. (2005) · Research in social movements, conflicts and change · doi:10.1016/s0163-786x(05)26004-4 · Cited by 39
Grewal, S. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192873910.001.0001 · Cited by 39
Shellman, S. M. (2008) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpn008 · Cited by 38
Domestic Judicial Institutions and Human Rights Treaty ViolationPreprint
Powell, E. J., & Staton, J. K. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1028672 · Cited by 38
Mining and violence in Latin America: The state’s coercive responses to anti-mining resistance
Arce, M., & Nieto-Matiz, C. (2023) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106404 · Cited by 25
Walby, K., & Monaghan, J. (2011) · Social movement studies · doi:10.1080/14742837.2011.545225 · Cited by 37
Naming and shaming in UN treaty bodies: Individual petitions’ effect on human rights
Schoner, R. J. (2024) · The Review of International Organizations · doi:10.1007/s11558-024-09564-1 · Cited by 36
Assessing Risk and Opportunity in Conflict Studies
Poe, S. C., Rost, N., & Carey, S. C. (2006) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002706289181 · Cited by 36
Are Constitutional State of Emergency Clauses Effective? An Empirical Exploration
Keith, L. C., & Poe, S. C. (2004) · Human Rights Quarterly · doi:10.1353/hrq.2004.0048 · Cited by 36
Defining and Theorizing Terrorism: A Global Actor-Centered Approach
Ližardo, O. (2008) · Journal of World-Systems Research · doi:10.5195/jwsr.2008.341 · Cited by 39
Schon, J., & Leblang, D. A. (2021) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00104140211024282 · Cited by 34
Measuring the Intensity of Intranational Political Events Data: Two Interval-Like Scales
Shellman, S. M. (2004) · International Interactions · doi:10.1080/03050620490462603 · Cited by 35
Violent and Nonviolent Resistance in Contexts of Prolonged Crisis: The Civilian Perspective
Dorff, C. (2019) · Journal of Global Security Studies · doi:10.1093/jogss/ogz007 · Cited by 19
Jackson, J. L. M., Hall, S. L., & Hill, D. W. (2018) · Research & Politics · doi:10.1177/2053168018759126 · Cited by 32
Does Ethnic Inequality Increase State Repression?
Ye, F., & Han, S. M. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0008423919000520 · Cited by 32
Tangled up in Blue: The Effect of UN Peacekeeping on Nonviolent Protests in Post–Civil War Countries
Belgioioso, M., Salvatore, J. D., & Pinckney, J. C. (2020) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1093/isq/sqaa015 · Cited by 37
Rebellion in Africa: Disaggregating the Effect of Political Regimes
Carey, S. C. (2007) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343307072176 · Cited by 32
Means, Motives and Opportunities in Ethno-Nationalist Mobilization
Saxton, G. D., & Benson, M. A. (2008) · International Interactions · doi:10.1080/03050620701883546 · Cited by 31
Examining repressive and oppressive state violence using the Ill-Treatment and Torture data
Beger, A., & Hill, D. W. (2019) · Conflict Management and Peace Science · doi:10.1177/0738894219882352 · Cited by 31
Morris, S. E., & Shadmehr, M. (2023) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1093/jeea/jvad023 · Cited by 32
Territorial revision and state repression
Wright, T. M. (2014) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343314520822 · Cited by 30
(2015) · Amsterdam University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9789048525386 · Cited by 30
Distract and Divert: How World Leaders Use Social Media During Contentious Politics
Barberá, P., Gohdes, A., Iakhnis, E., & Zeitzoff, T. (2022) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/19401612221102030 · Cited by 39
The Arab Spring, Winter, and Back Again? (Re)Introducing the Dissent-Repression Nexus with a Twist
Davenport, C., & Moore, W. H. (2012) · International Interactions · doi:10.1080/03050629.2012.726187 · Cited by 30
Self-citationPolicing the Organizational Threat in Morocco: Protest and Public Violence in Liberal Autocracies
Berman, C. E. (2021) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12565 · Cited by 31
Policy Selection in the Face of Political Instability
Davies, G. (2014) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002714541842 · Cited by 29
Autocracy, Religious Restriction, and Religious Civil War
Kim, D., & Choi, H. J. (2016) · Politics and Religion · doi:10.1017/s1755048316000778 · Cited by 29
The Geography of Repression in Africa
Christensen, D. (2017) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002716686829 · Cited by 30
The State as Terrorist: Insights and Implications
Stohl, M. S. (2006) · Democracy and Security · doi:10.1080/17419160600623418 · Cited by 29
Terrorism and state repression of human rights: A cross-national time-series analysis
Shor, E., Charmichael, J., Nazif‐Muñoz, J. I., Shandra, J. M., & Schwartz, M. H. (2014) · International Journal of Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1177/0020715214552460 · Cited by 29
Beazer, Q., Crabtree, C. D., Fariss, C. J., & Kern, H. (2021) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123421000351 · Cited by 28
National Human Rights Institutions: Domestic implementation of international human rights law
Welch, R. M. (2017) · Journal of Human Rights · doi:10.1080/14754835.2015.1103166 · Cited by 28
Repressing Protest: Threat and Weakness in the European Context, 1975-1989
Ayoub, P. M. (2010) · Mobilization An International Quarterly · doi:10.17813/maiq.15.4.f6306060j4511u58 · Cited by 28
Hobbes on Drugs: Understanding Drug Violence in Mexico
Osorio, J. (2022) · ProQuest Demo Repository · doi:10.7274/08612n51n19 · Cited by 28
The Long Arm and the Iron Fist: Authoritarian Crackdowns and Transnational Repression
Dukalskis, A., Furstenberg, S., Hellmeier, S., & Scales, R. (2024) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/00220027231188896 · Cited by 31
“As noted long ago by Davenport (1995), the intensity of repressive actions employed by governments is often dependent on the level of threat perception.”
BackgroundKwong, Y.-H. (2023) · Journal of Asian and African Studies · doi:10.1177/00219096221124940 · Cited by 15
Anazonwu, N. P., Nnamani, K. E., Osadebe, N. O., Anichebe, O., Ezeibe, C. C., Mbah, P. O., & Nzeadibe, T. C. (2021) · Territory Politics Governance · doi:10.1080/21622671.2021.1976262 · Cited by 27
Factories for Votes? How Authoritarian Leaders Gain Popular Support Using Targeted Industrial Policy
Hong, J. Y., & Park, S. (2014) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123414000349 · Cited by 28
Payne, C. L., & Abouharb, M. R. (2015) · Journal of Human Rights · doi:10.1080/14754835.2015.1103158 · Cited by 27
Metadata
- Authors
- Davenport, C.
- Corresponding author
- Davenport, Christian
- ORCID
- Davenport, Christian
- Venue
- American Journal of Political Science
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1995-08
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 683
- ISSN
- 0092-5853 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2083513139
- Cited by
- 623
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 8.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Political Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic Sanctions and International Relations
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › International Relations and Foreign Policy
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Conflict and Governance
- Keywords
- threat perception, state repression, negative sanctions, sanctions, political violence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
