Cited by 9,901Energy, Environment, Economic GrowthSustainable Development and Environmental PolicySustainable Development and Environmental Management

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Economic Growth and the Environment

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Grossman, G. M., Krueger, A. B.·1995·The Quarterly Journal of Economics

DOI 10.2307/2118443

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Abstract

We examine the reduced-form relationship between per capita income and various environmental indicators. Our study covers four types of indicators: urban air pollution, the state of the oxygen regime in river basins, fecal contamination of river basins, and contamination of river basins by heavy metals. We find no evidence that environmental quality deteriorates steadily with economic growth. Rather, for most indicators, economic growth brings an initial phase of deterioration followed by a subsequent phase of improvement. The turning points for the different pollutants vary, but in most cases they come before a country reaches a per capita income of $8000.

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Authors: Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B.
Affiliations: Princeton University (US)
National Bureau of Economic Research (US)
Venue: The Quarterly Journal of Economics
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1995-05-01
Volume: 110
Issue: 2
Pages: 353-377
ISSN: 0033-5533 (ISSN-L)
1531-4650
DOI: 10.2307/2118443
OpenAlex: W2164451921
Cited by: 9,901
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 1115 · 2025: 979 · 2024: 773 · 2023: 879 · 2022: 842 · 2021: 675 · 2020: 534 · 2019: 481 · 2018: 312 · 2017: 298 · 2016: 250 · 2015: 251 · 2014: 257 · 2013: 232 · 2012: 214
FWCI: 83.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Locations: The Quarterly Journal of Economics (publishedVersion)
National Bureau of Economic Research (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
SSRN Electronic Journal (submittedVersion)
HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Energy, Environment, Economic Growth
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Sustainable Development and Environmental Management
Keywords: economic growth, environmental quality, per capita income, urban air pollution, fecal contamination, heavy metal contamination, turning points, environmental degradation, income-environment relationship

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Economic Growth and the Environment

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