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Interaction and the Conservation of Gender Inequality: Considering Employment
Abstract
How can we explain the persistence of gender hierarchy over transformations in its socioeconomic base? Part of the answer lies in the mediation of gender inequality by taken-for-granted interactional processes that rewrite inequality into new institutional arrangements. The problems of interacting cause actors to automatically sex-categorize others and, thus, to cue gender stereotypes that have various effects on interactional outcomes, usually by modifying the performance of other, more salient identities. Because changes in the status dimension of gender stereotypes lag behind changes in resource inequalities, interactional status processes can reestablish gender inequalities in new structural forms. Interactional sex categorization also biases the choice of comparison others, causing men and women to judge differently the rewards available to them. Operating in workplace relations, these processes conserve inequality by driving the gender-labeling of jobs, constructing people as gender-interested actors, contributing to employers' discriminatory preferences, and mediating men's and women's perceptions of alternatives and their willingness to settle for given job outcomes.
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“Valuation is a social process and as such will be influenced by gender status beliefs, which privilege men and 'masculine' attributes and objects over their feminine counterparts (Ridgeway 1997).”
From Gendering Reciprocity: Solving a Puzzle of Nonreciprocation (2013) · cites this paper as Ridgeway 1997
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Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders.
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“For example, Gutek and Morasch (1982) argued that gender roles spill over into the workplace, and Ridgeway (1997) maintained that gender provides an “implicit, background identity” (p. 231) in the workplace.”
BackgroundThe Study of Boundaries in the Social Sciences
Lamont, M., & Molnár, V. (2002) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141107 · Cited by 5,446
“While Ridgeway (1997) and Tilly (1998) make important strides in specifying the cognitive and social mechanisms involved in gender boundary-work, similar analyses are needed concerning cultural narratives that play a crucial role in the reproduction of gender boundaries [along the lines developed…”
BackgroundMethodAcker, J. R. (2006) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243206289499 · Cited by 3,858
Unpacking the Gender System: A Theoretical Perspective on Gender Beliefs and Social Relations
Ridgeway, C. L., & Correll, S. J. (2004) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243204265269 · Cited by 1,823
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ridgeway, C. L.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ridgeway, Cecilia L.
- ORCID
- Ridgeway, Cecilia L.
- Venue
- American Sociological Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1997-04
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 218
- ISSN
- 0003-1224 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2091725322
- Cited by
- 939
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 28.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Sociological Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Diversity and Inequality
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Industrial relations › Employment, Labor, and Gender Studies
- Keywords
- gender inequality, gender stereotypes, interaction processes, sex categorization, gender hierarchy, employment, employment discrimination, gender pay gap, job choice
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