Normative versus Social Constructivist Processes in the Allocation of Citations: A Network-Analytic Model
Abstract
I assess competing arguments on the determinants of scientists' citation patterns by developing a new approach to the multivariate study of citations that builds upon a network-analytic model. Using data on articles about celestial masers, an astrophysics research area, logistic regressions with robust standard errors examine the extent to which characteristics of both potentially citing and potentially cited papers influence the probability that a citation exists between the papers. The results identify significant positive effects of cited article cognitive content and cited article quality, providing support for a normative interpretation of the allocation of citations in which citations reflect payment of intellectual debt. In contrast, indicators of an author's position within the stratification structure of science fail to significantly improve the fit of the model, and thus provide no support for the social constructivist claim that citations are rhetorical tools of persuasion. Furthermore, the lack of effects of social ties between citing and cited authors provides little support for the argument that authors who know one another are more likely to cite one another's work. Overall, these results suggest that authors are likely to cite those articles most relevant to their work in terms of intellectual content, and seem little concerned with the characteristics of authors who write them.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The sheer size of an article influences whether it is cited, as longer articles have more content that can be cited than shorter articles do.
“as longer articles have more content that can be cited than shorter articles do, the sheer size of an article influences whether it is cited”
From What do citation counts measure? A review of studies on citing behavior (2008) · cites this paper as Baldi, 1998
There is a positive correlation between the citation frequency of publications and the number of co-authors of the work.
“There is also a positive correlation between the citation frequency of publications and the number of co-authors of the work”
From What do citation counts measure? A review of studies on citing behavior (2008) · cites this paper as Baldi, 1998
Baldi (1998) found significant positive effects of cited article cognitive content and cited article quality on the probability of citations, providing support for a normative interpretation of the allocation of citations in which citations reflect payment of intellectual debt.
“The results identified significant positive effects of cited article cognitive content and cited article quality on the probability of citations, providing support for a normative interpretation of the allocation of citations in which citations reflect payment of intellectual debt.”
From What do citation counts measure? A review of studies on citing behavior (2008) · cites this paper as Baldi (1998)
Indicators of an author's position within the stratification structure in the world of scholarship failed to significantly improve the fit of the network-analytic model, and thus provided no support for the social constructivist claim that citations are rhetorical tools of persuasion.
“indicators of an author's position within the stratification structure in the world of scholarship failed to significantly improve the fit of the network-analytic model, and thus provided no support for the social constructivist claim that citations are rhetorical tools of persuasion.”
From What do citation counts measure? A review of studies on citing behavior (2008) · cites this paper as Baldi (1998)
Men receive substantially more citations to their work than women do.
“Studies by Cole and Singer (1991) and Baldi (1998) show that men receive substantially more citations to their work than women do.”
From What do citation counts measure? A review of studies on citing behavior (2008) · cites this paper as Baldi (1998)
The studies by Baldi (1998), Stewart (1983), and White (2004) provide more support for a normative interpretation of the allocation of citations than for a social constructivist interpretation.
“In contrast, the studies undertaken by Baldi (1998), Stewart (1983), and White (2004) provide more support for a normative interpretation of the allocation of citations than for a social constructivist interpretation.”
From What do citation counts measure? A review of studies on citing behavior (2008) · cites this paper as Baldi, 1998
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Hinnant, C. C., Stvilia, B., Wu, S., Worrall, A., Burnett, G., Burnett, K., Kazmer, M. M., & Marty, P. F. (2012) · Library & Information Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.lisr.2012.03.001 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Drivers of research impact: evidence from the top three finance journals
Dang, C., & Li, Z. F. (2018) · Accounting and Finance · doi:10.1111/acfi.12350 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The J‐shaped distribution of citedness
Nicolaisen, J. (2002) · Journal of Documentation · doi:10.1108/00220410210431118 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Mapping the Evolution of 'Clusters': A Meta-AnalysisPreprint
Maggioni, M. A., Gambarotto, F., & Uberti, T. E. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1489308 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
- Authors
- Baldi, S.
- Venue
- American Sociological Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1998-12
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 829
- ISSN
- 0003-1224 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2315894413
- Cited by
- 335
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 9.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Sociological Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Web visibility and informetrics
- Keywords
- citation patterns, intellectual debt, citation quality, astrophysics, science communication
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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