The Methodology of Necessary Conditions
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Uncertainty about contradictory cases might come from measurement error, as suggested by Braumoeller and Goertz (2000).
“Obviously, this uncertainty might come from measurement error, as is suggested by Braumoeller and Goertz (2000, 848).”
From Qualitative Comparative Analysis: How Inductive Use and Measurement Error Lead to Problematic Inference (2013) · cites this paper as Braumoeller and Goertz (2000)
If counterexamples are likely due to measurement error, the necessary condition hypothesis can be maintained despite these counterexamples.
“In this case, the necessary condition hypothesis can be maintained despite these counterexamples.”
From Qualitative Comparative Analysis: How Inductive Use and Measurement Error Lead to Problematic Inference (2013) · cites this paper as Braumoeller and Goertz (2000)
The suggestions for addressing measurement error made by Dion, Braumoeller and Goertz, and Clark, Gilligan, and Golder have found little or any resonance among scholars employing QCA.
“These suggestions for explicitly (or implicitly) addressing measurement error made by Dion (1998), Braumoeller and Goertz (2000), and Clark, Gilligan, and Golder (2006) have, however, found little or any resonance among scholars employing QCA.”
From Qualitative Comparative Analysis: How Inductive Use and Measurement Error Lead to Problematic Inference (2013) · cites this paper as Braumoeller and Goertz (2000)
Braumoeller and Goertz present a simple test for necessary conditions relying on the idea that counterexamples to necessary conditions might be due to measurement error.
“These authors present a simple test for necessary conditions relying on the idea that counterexamples to necessary conditions might be due to measurement error.”
From Qualitative Comparative Analysis: How Inductive Use and Measurement Error Lead to Problematic Inference (2013) · cites this paper as Braumoeller and Goertz (2000)
If the extent of measurement error can be assessed, this information can be used to assess whether observed counterexamples to a necessary condition are likely to stem from measurement error.
“If the extent of this measurement error can be assessed (e.g., through reliability tests), this information can be used to assess whether observed counterexamples to a necessary condition are likely to stem from measurement error.”
From Qualitative Comparative Analysis: How Inductive Use and Measurement Error Lead to Problematic Inference (2013) · cites this paper as Braumoeller and Goertz (2000)
Braumoeller and Goertz (2000) recommend an assessment of the power of this test, or, inversely, the type II error.
“Braumoeller and Goertz (2000) also recommend an assessment of the power of this test, or, inversely, the type II error, namely the error of wrongly keeping the necessary condition hypothesis despite it being wrong.”
From Qualitative Comparative Analysis: How Inductive Use and Measurement Error Lead to Problematic Inference (2013) · cites this paper as Braumoeller and Goertz (2000)
Any necessary condition can easily be transformed into a sufficient condition (and vice versa).
“As any necessary condition can easily be transformed into a sufficient condition (and vice versa) (see, for instance, Braumoeller and Goertz 2000, 846)”
From Qualitative Comparative Analysis: How Inductive Use and Measurement Error Lead to Problematic Inference (2013) · cites this paper as Braumoeller and Goertz 2000, 846
Braumoeller and Goertz's tests only deal with one of the problems raised, namely measurement error.
“While Braumoeller and Goertz (2000) proposed that tests obviously only deal with one of the problems I have raised, namely measurement error”
From Qualitative Comparative Analysis: How Inductive Use and Measurement Error Lead to Problematic Inference (2013) · cites this paper as Braumoeller and Goertz (2000)
Based on their pII-test, Braumoeller and Goertz (2000) suggest that even without any counterexamples, necessary condition hypotheses need to be rejected if less than seven cases support them.
“Similarly, based on their p II-test, Braumoeller and Goertz (2000) suggest that even without any counterexamples, necessary condition hypotheses need to be rejected if less than seven cases support them.”
From Qualitative Comparative Analysis: How Inductive Use and Measurement Error Lead to Problematic Inference (2013) · cites this paper as Braumoeller and Goertz (2000)
Braumoeller and Goertz (2000) suggest testing for the triviality of the necessary condition by comparing the distribution of the values for X for each of the values of Y.
“Braumoeller and Goertz (2000) also suggest that testing for the triviality of the necessary condition, by comparing the distribution of the values for X for each of the values of Y”
From Qualitative Comparative Analysis: How Inductive Use and Measurement Error Lead to Problematic Inference (2013) · cites this paper as Braumoeller and Goertz (2000)
Braumoeller and Goertz (2000) provide tools that allow the testing of necessary condition hypotheses when faced with measurement error.
“Braumoeller and Goertz (2000) provide tools that have hardly ever been employed in the literature, but which allow the testing of necessary condition hypotheses when faced with measurement error.”
From Qualitative Comparative Analysis: How Inductive Use and Measurement Error Lead to Problematic Inference (2013) · cites this paper as Braumoeller and Goertz (2000)
Following Braumoeller and Goertz (2000, 848), the pI-test would suggest rejecting the necessary condition hypothesis if this lower bound is higher than the error to be expected in the cell corresponding to the counterexamples in a two-by-two table.
“Following Braumoeller and Goertz (2000, 848), the pI -test would suggest rejecting the necessary condition hypothesis if this lower bound is higher than the error to be expected in the cell corresponding to the counterexamples in a two-by-two table.”
From Qualitative Comparative Analysis: How Inductive Use and Measurement Error Lead to Problematic Inference (2013) · cites this paper as Braumoeller and Goertz (2000, 848)
The tools provided by Braumoeller and Goertz (2000) seem appropriate.
“and the tools provided by Braumoeller and Goertz (2000) seem appropriate”
From Qualitative Comparative Analysis: How Inductive Use and Measurement Error Lead to Problematic Inference (2013) · cites this paper as Braumoeller and Goertz (2000)
It is not only the share of consistent cases that is important, but also the absolute number.
“As Braumoeller and Goertz (2000) demonstrate, however, it is not only the share of consistent cases that is important, but also the absolute number.”
From Qualitative Comparative Analysis: How Inductive Use and Measurement Error Lead to Problematic Inference (2013) · cites this paper as Braumoeller and Goertz (2000)
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Buyer–supplier interaction in business-to-business services: A typology test using case research
van der Valk, W., & Wynstra, F. (2012) · Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management · doi:10.1016/j.pursup.2012.03.003 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Goertz, G., Hak, T., & Dul, J. (2012) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124112460375 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationA Coincidence Analysis of a Causal Chain
Baumgärtner, M., & Epple, R. (2013) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124113502948 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Buyer-seller interaction patterns during ongoing service exchange
van der Valk, W. (2007) · RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) · doi:10.6100/ir806189 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Forbearance: Strategic Nonresponse to Competitive Attacks
Andrevski, G., & Miller, D. (2020) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2018.0248 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
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Can Variation in Public Policies Account for Differences in Comparative Advantage?
Allen, M. M. C., Funk, L., & Tüselmann, H. (2006) · Journal of Public Policy · doi:10.1017/s0143814x06000420 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Aid and Institution-Building in Fragile States
Gisselquist, R. M. (2014) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716214546991 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Engler, F., & Herweg, N. (2017) · Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.1111/psj.12235 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
When less is more: selection problems in large-N and small-N cross-national comparisons
Ebbinghaus, B. (2006) · MADOC (University of Mannheim) · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Aggregation Bias and the Analysis of Necessary and Sufficient Conditions in fsQCA
Braumoeller, B. F. (2016) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124116672701 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationSet-Theoretic Comparative Methods: Less Distinctive Than Claimed
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Varieties of capitalism, governance, and high‐tech export performance
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Formal Theory and Case-Study Methods in EU Studies
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Settling Resistant Territorial Disputes: The Territorial Boundary Peace in Latin America
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Mertha, A. C., & Pahre, R. (2005) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818305050241 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
CO2 reductie in de bestaande woningbouw
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Hierarchy and Judicial Institutions: Arbitration and Ideology in the Hellenistic World
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- Authors
- Braumoeller, B. F., & Goertz, G.
- Venue
- American Journal of Political Science
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 2000-10
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 844
- ISSN
- 0092-5853 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2321718921
- Cited by
- 255
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 25.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Political Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Comparative Analysis Research
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Political Science Research and Education
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy and History of Science
- Keywords
- necessary conditions, causal inference, methodological issues
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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