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Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections
Abstract
Voters in mass elections are notorious for their apparent lack of information about relevant political matters. While some scholars argue that an electorate of well-informed voters is necessary for the production of responsive electoral outcomes, others argue that apparently ignorant voters will suffice because they can adapt their behavior to the complexity of electoral choice. To evaluate the validity of these arguments, I develop and analyze a survey of California voters who faced five complicated insurance reform ballot initiatives. I find that access to a particular class of widely available information shortcuts allowed badly informed voters to emulate the behavior of relatively well informed voters. This finding is suggestive of the conditions under which voters who lack encyclopedic information about the content of electoral debates can nevertheless use information shortcuts to vote as though they were well informed.
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“In reality, most citizens know relatively little about many criminal justice institutions, yet public judgments of policy interventions often emerge from limited, context-specific information (34, 35).”
From Does civilian oversight impact police legitimacy? (2025) · cites this paper as [34]
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Carnes, N., & Sadin, M. (2014) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/678530 · Cited by 95
Lee, H., & Kwak, N. (2014) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2014.891133 · Cited by 95
“Furthermore the democratic principle of an informed citizenry has been challenged by proponents of low-information rationality (e.g., Lupia, 1994; Popkin, 1994; Sniderman, Brody, & Tetlock, 1991); those who have demonstrated that even poorly informed citizens are capable of sophisticated thought…”
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Merkley, E. (2020) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2020.1713269 · Cited by 94
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“…of California, Berkeley, 210 Barrows Hall #1950, Berkeley, CA 94720-1950, USA (Converse 1964; Delli Carpini and Keeter 1996; Lenz 2012), scholars have looked to heuristics—simple rules of thumb—to haul voters onto the shores of rationality (Fiorina 1981; Key 1966; Lupia 1994; Popkin 1991).”
BackgroundAdvanced Democracies and the New Politics
Dalton, R. J., Scarrow, S. E., & Cain, B. E. (2004) · Journal of democracy · doi:10.1353/jod.2004.0004 · Cited by 92
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“…when they feel more a part of a collective (Verba, Schlozman, and Brady 1995; Chong 2000); individuals treat groups as important cognitive “short-cuts” for making sense of an abundance of competing, often conflicting information about candidate quality and policy effects (Lupia 1994; Zaller 1992).”
BackgroundDoes the Party Matter? Endorsements in Congressional Primaries
Dominguez, C. B. K. (2011) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912910376389 · Cited by 91
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Smith, D. A., DeSantis, M., & Kassel, J. (2006) · State and Local Government Review · doi:10.1177/0160323x0603800202 · Cited by 89
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MethodBoudreau, C., McCubbins, M. D., & Seana Coulson, A. (2008) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsn034 · Cited by 93
Political Polarization During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Jungkunz, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2021.622512 · Cited by 109
“…political debate can have a decisive impact on political attitude formation and voting behavior in normal times (Zaller, 1992; Mondak, 1993; Lupia, 1994; Druckman et al., 2013) or during electoral campaigns (Hansen and Kosiara-Pedersen, 2017) and intense or biased media coverage…”
BackgroundWhat Does the Public Know about Economic Policy, and How Does It Know It?
Blinder, A. S., & Krueger, A. B. (2004) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w10787 · Cited by 90
The Influence of Corporate Front-Group Stealth Campaigns
Pfau, M. W., Haigh, M. M., Sims, J. D., & Wigley, S. L. (2007) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650206296083 · Cited by 88
“…matters of public policy (Bernays, 1923, 1928; Dahl, 1963; Lippmann, 1922), and in those circumstances people rely on shortcuts to process messages, including descriptive titles that are designed to resonate with the receiver’s values (Dahl, 1961; Fiske & Taylor, 1991; Lupia, 1994; Popkin, 1991).”
BackgroundNew Forms of Democracy? Reform and Transformation of Democratic Institutions
(2003) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0199264996.003.0001 · Cited by 89
Heuristics and Political Elites’ Judgment and Decision-Making
Vis, B. (2018) · Political Studies Review · doi:10.1177/1478929917750311 · Cited by 105
“…focusing on voters’ decision-making, it is regularly assumed that heuristics defined as information shortcuts enable uninformed voters to make decisions as if they were fully informed (e.g. Lupia, 1994; Lupia and McCubbins, 1998; Lupia and Matsusaka, 2004 see Kuklinski and Quirk, 2000: 153).”
BackgroundPreferences, Fiscal Policies, and the Initiative Process
Camobreco, J. F. (1998) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.2307/2647650 · Cited by 89
Are voters better informed when they have a larger say in politics?
Benz, M., & Stutzer, A. (2002) · Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) · doi:10.3929/ethz-a-004375083 · Cited by 93
Hajnal, Z. L. (2009) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055409090078 · Cited by 87
“However, more recent scholarship seems to suggest that the average American can use a range of shortcuts or heuristics to make reasonable decisions in the political arena (Lupia 1994; Popkin 1991).”
BackgroundThe Influence of Foreign Voices on U.S. Public Opinion
Hayes, D., & Guardino, M. (2011) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00523.x · Cited by 88
“Citizens, chronically uncertain about politics and policy proposals, regularly delegate judgment to elites they believe are trustworthy (Lupia 1994; Popkin 1994; Lau and Redlawsk 2001), and they are most responsive to credible voices (Hovland & Weiss, 1951; Petty et al.”
BackgroundThe Decline of Party Mobilization
WATTENBERG, M. P. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0199253099.003.0004 · Cited by 86
Rinscheid, A., Pianta, S., & Weber, E. U. (2020) · Behavioural Public Policy · doi:10.1017/bpp.2020.43 · Cited by 89
Campaign competition and policy responsiveness in direct legislation elections
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The Role of Direct Democracy and Federalism in Local PowerPreprint
Frey, B. S., & Stutzer, A. (2004) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.614361 · Cited by 86
Gerber, E. R., & Phillips, J. H. (2003) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/1540-5907.00044 · Cited by 84
How Initiatives Don’t Always Make Citizens: Ballot Initiatives in the American States, 1978–2004
Schlozman, D., & Yohai, I. (2008) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-008-9062-0 · Cited by 81
Fractional integration methods in political science
Box‐Steffensmeier, J. M., & Tomlinson, A. R. (2000) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/s0261-3794(99)00036-0 · Cited by 84
“People use different strategies to form political opinions — ideologues use ideology (Converse, 1964), people who do not follow politics rely on cues from leaders or interest groups (Lupia, 1994; Zaller, 1992), others use heuristic shortcuts (Sniderman et al.”
BackgroundDumitrescu, D. (2010) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584600903297117 · Cited by 83
“Faced with an incredibly complex political world, people often rely on information cues to reduce the cognitive load in political decisions (eg, Lupia, 1992 ; Sniderman, Brody, & Tetlock, 1991 ).”
BackgroundDyck, J. J. (2009) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x08330635 · Cited by 85
Branton, R. P., Dillingham, G., Dunaway, J., & Miller, B. (2007) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2007.00488.x · Cited by 83
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BackgroundContingent valuation: A new perspective
Schläpfer, F. (2008) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.10.010 · Cited by 83
“For a series of complex auto insurance reform ballots in California, for instance, Lupia (1994) showed that voters who had little factual knowledge but knew the position of the auto insurance industry voted as if they were well informed (Table 3).”
InfluentialPublic Opinion, Public Policy, and Democracy
Burstein, P. (2009) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-68930-2_4 · Cited by 83
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Barker, D. C., & Hansen, S. B. (2005) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2005.00319.x · Cited by 82
Carbon Capture and Storage in the United States: Perceptions, preferences, and lessons for policy
Pianta, S., Rinscheid, A., & Weber, E. U. (2021) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112149 · Cited by 87
The eclipse of legislatures: Direct democracy in the 21st century
Matsusaka, J. G. (2005) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-28038-3_9 · Cited by 82
“There is growing evidence that reliance on information cues allows citizens to vote their interests just as effectively as substantive knowledge does (Lupia, 1994; Lupia & McCubbins, 1998; Bowler & Donovan, 1998).”
Background“Dark Areas of Ignorance” Revisited
Iyengar, S., Hahn, K. S., Bonfadelli, H., & Marr, M. (2009) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650209333024 · Cited by 82
Wall, M., Krouwel, A. P. M., & Vitiello, T. (2012) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/1354068811436054 · Cited by 81
“…make decisions with little information has led several analysts to conclude that voters employ ‘heuristics’ or ‘cognitive shortcuts’ to arrive at decisions that are similar to those that they would have made had they investigated the issue in depth (Lupia, 1994; Lupia and McCubbins, 1998).”
BackgroundDemocracy, the Market, and the Logic of Social Choice
DeCanio, S. (2013) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12072 · Cited by 83
Public Opinion, Risk Perceptions, and Genetically Modified Food Regulatory Policy
Durant, R. F., & Legge, J. S. (2005) · European Union Politics · doi:10.1177/1465116505051982 · Cited by 81
Elections Without Cues: The 1999 Australian Republic Referendum
McAllister, I. (2001) · Australian Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1080/10361140120078817 · Cited by 81
“The ability of voters to understand complex political changes has long been a problem with referendums, and with the potential for direct democracy more generally (Budge 1996; Lupia 1994).”
BackgroundPathologies of Studying Public Opinion, Political Communication, and Democratic Responsiveness
Druckman, J. N. (2014) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2013.852643 · Cited by 84
“They do so by using a variety of shortcuts/cues/advice (see Lupia, 1994; Lupia & McCubbins, 1998; Sniderman et al., 1991).”
BackgroundA Model of Candidate Evaluations in Senate Elections: The Impact of Campaign Intensity
Kahn, K. F., & Kenney, P. J. (1997) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.2307/2998597 · Cited by 81
Made in Congress? Testing the Electoral Implications of Party Ideological Brand Names
Woon, J., & Pope, J. C. (2008) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s002238160808078x · Cited by 81
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Kuklinski, J. H., Quirk, P. J., Schwieder, D., & Rich, R. F. (1998) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716298560001011 · Cited by 80
Explaining Processes of Institutional Opinion Leadership
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Porumbescu, G. A., Lindeman, M. I. H., Ceka, E., & Cucciniello, M. (2017) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.12790 · Cited by 88
Legge, J. S., & Durant, R. F. (2010) · Review of Policy Research · doi:10.1111/j.1541-1338.2009.00427.x · Cited by 81
The Participatory Effects of Redistricting
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Kittilson, M. C., & Scarrow, S. E. (2003) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0199264996.003.0004 · Cited by 77
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Margolis, M. F. (2018) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/693985 · Cited by 75
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Cunow, S., DESPOSATO, S. W., Janusz, A., & Sells, C. (2020) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102230 · Cited by 77
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Weber, C. R., Dunaway, J., & Johnson, T. (2011) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-011-9172-y · Cited by 76
“A source’s underlying motives should be essential to whether that source is viewed as credible (Lupia 1994).”
BackgroundInfluentialEvangelizing the Environment: Decision Process Effects in Political Persuasion
Djupe, P. A., & Gwiasda, G. W. (2010) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2009.01493.x · Cited by 80
Political Engagement, Mobilization, and Direct Democracy
Donovan, T., Tolbert, C. J., & Smith, D. A. (2009) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfp017 · Cited by 76
Smith, D. A., & Tolbert, C. J. (2007) · State Politics & Policy Quarterly · doi:10.1177/153244000700700404 · Cited by 69
Ladd, J. M. (2009) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-009-9097-x · Cited by 81
“Opinion leadership like this is also empirically consistent with studies of ‘‘cue-taking,’’ where citizens base their political choices on endorsements by likeminded political elites (Lupia 1994; Lupia and McCubbins 1998; Sniderman et al. 1991).”
ResultStates, Markets, and Foreign Aid
Dietrich, S. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009007290 · Cited by 75
From Social Integration to Electoral Contestation
Scarrow, S. E., Webb, P., & Farrell, D. M. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0199253099.003.0007 · Cited by 74
Political knowledge, the decision calculus, and proximity voting
Singh, S. P., & Roy, J. (2013) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2013.11.007 · Cited by 76
Claassen, R. L., & Highton, B. (2008) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912908322415 · Cited by 78
Do Open Primaries Improve Representation? An Experimental Test of California's 2012 Top‐Two Primary
Ahler, D. J., Citrin, J., & Lenz, G. (2016) · Legislative Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/lsq.12113 · Cited by 77
Deliberate with the Enemy? Polarization, Social Identity, and Attitudes toward Disagreement
Strickler, R. (2017) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912917721371 · Cited by 85
Do the Advantages of Incumbency Advantage Incumbents?
Gordon, S. C., & Landa, D. (2009) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381609990223 · Cited by 74
“To focus the discussion in the main body on comparative statics and the electoral welfare effects associated with the sources of incumbency advantage, we defer formal characterizations of the equilibria to the Web Appendix.”
BackgroundReconsidering the Relationship Between Cultural Theory, Political Ideology, and Political Knowledge
RIPBERGER, J. T., Song, G., Nowlin, M. C., Jones, M. D., & Jenkins‐Smith, H. C. (2012) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00884.x · Cited by 74
Darr, J., Hitt, M. P., & Dunaway, J. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108950930 · Cited by 75
The Limitations of Heuristics for Political Elites
Miler, K. C. (2009) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2009.00731.x · Cited by 72
Lupia, A. (1994) · Public Choice · doi:10.1007/bf01053366 · Cited by 72
“The experiments are my second attempt to test theoretically generated direct legislation hypotheses with individual level data -the first attempt was an exit poll I designed and administered with similar theoretical predictions in mind (Lupia, 1994).”
MethodSays Who? An Experiment on Allegations of Corruption and Credibility of Sources
Botero, S., Cornejo, R. C., Gamboa, L., Pavão, N. D. C., & Nickerson, D. W. (2015) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912915591607 · Cited by 71
The Rationality of Economic Voting Revisited
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Wells, C., Reedy, J., Gastil, J., & Lee, C. (2009) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2009.00735.x · Cited by 53
“In the context of initiative elections, however, Lupia (1994) suggests a bail-out for low-sophistication voters.”
BackgroundInfluentialUninformed Voters and Corrupt Politicians
Klašnja, M. (2017) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x16684574 · Cited by 70
“…with low attentiveness to politics may compensate for the lack of information by using various heuristics, such as cues from reference groups (e.g., Lupia, 1994; Lupia & McCubbins, 1998; Sniderman, Brody, & Tetlock, 1991), “gut-level” reasoning (Popkin, 1994), or simple retrospective judgments of…”
BackgroundMethodWhat information do citizens want? Evidence from one million information requests in Mexico
Berliner, D., Bagozzi, B. E., & Palmer‐Rubin, B. (2018) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.04.016 · Cited by 72
Voting Can Be Hard, Information Helps
Crowder‐Meyer, M., Gadarian, S. K., & Trounstine, J. L. (2019) · Urban Affairs Review · doi:10.1177/1078087419831074 · Cited by 78
Populist radical right parties and mass polarization in the Netherlands
Silva, B. C. (2017) · European Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s1755773917000066 · Cited by 73
Shopping for Schools: How Do Marginal Consumers Gather Information About Schools?
Buckley, J., & Schneider, M. (2003) · Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.1111/1541-0072.t01-1-00008 · Cited by 72
Democratic Publics and Democratic Institutions
Dalton, R. J., Cain, B. E., & Scarrow, S. E. (2003) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0199264996.003.0011 · Cited by 71
The Role of Media Distrust in Partisan Voting
Ladd, J. M. (2010) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-010-9123-z · Cited by 81
“Studies where people use cues from elites as information shortcuts when forming their opinions are of a similar intellectual lineage and posit similar source credibility criteria (e.g. Lupia 1994; Popkin 1991; Sniderman et al. 1991).”
BackgroundBureaucratic reform and e-government in the United States: An institutional perspective
Mossberger, K. (2008) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203962541-15 · Cited by 70
Schläpfer, F., & Fischhoff, B. (2012) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.06.016 · Cited by 69
“, 2002; Druckman and Nelson, 2003; Spash, 2007), observing their choices (Slembeck and Tyran, 2004), or learning the positions of organizations with known positions (Lupia, 1994; Druckman, 2001; Huffman et al., 2007; Schläpfer et al., 2008).”
BackgroundConstitutional Qualms or Politics as Usual? The Factors Shaping Public Support for Unilateral Action
Christenson, D. P., & Kriner, D. L. (2016) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12262 · Cited by 70
How do voters perceive changes to the rules of the game? Evidence from the 2014 Hungarian elections
Ahlquist, J. S., Ichino, N., Wittenberg, J., & Ziblatt, D. F. (2018) · Journal of Comparative Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jce.2018.01.001 · Cited by 65
“In the case of uninformed voters, for example, partisan cues— signals of how certain political elites regard a particular policy or rule change—can stand in for voter knowledge of the policy or rule change (e.g., Lupia, 1994).”
BackgroundElite division and voter confusion: Australia's republic referendum in 1999
Higley, J., & McAllister, I. (2002) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6765.t01-1-00035 · Cited by 67
“The ability of voters to understand complex political changes has long been a problem with referendums, and with the potential for direct democracy more generally (Budge 1996; Lupia 1994).”
BackgroundEconomists and Public Opinion: Expert Consensus and Economic Policy Judgments
Johnston, C. D., & Ballard, A. M. O. (2014) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/684629 · Cited by 86
The death of conservative Ireland? The 2018 abortion referendum
Elkink, J. A., Farrell, D. M., Mariën, S., Reidy, T., & Suiter, J. (2020) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102142 · Cited by 77
“If a voter knows that certain elite actors are similar to them in terms of political preferences, it can be rational to avoid the cost of investing in knowledge and instead follow the cues of these elites - a heuristic to, in all likelihood, make the same choice as one would have made with more knowledge (Lupia, 1994).”
BackgroundLocal Political Knowledge and Assessments of Citizen Competence
Shaker, L. (2012) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfs018 · Cited by 66
“So, rather than requiring individuals to be generally competent (Converse 1964), able to aptly employ shortcuts (Lupia 1994), or collectively stable (Page and Shapiro 1992), the issue public hypothesis posits a fourth way to conceptualize citizen competence: specialization.”
BackgroundContributions of Survey Research to Political Science
Brady, H. E. (2000) · PS Political Science & Politics · doi:10.2307/420775 · Cited by 65
Bowler, S., & Donovan, T. (2002) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6765.t01-1-00031 · Cited by 65
“Results reported here and in previous research (Bowler & Donovan 1998; Lupia 1994) are consistent with the idea that expensive television advertising campaigns may actually bring increased attention to a CIR measure and thus increase the likelihood that voters may find the cues that allow them to reason on the basis o…”
BackgroundResultGovernment Performance and Life Satisfaction in Contemporary Britain
Whiteley, P., Clarke, H. D., Sanders, D. A., & Stewart, M. C. (2010) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381610000137 · Cited by 64
“, Dahl 1972; Lane 2000; Macpherson 1977; Pateman 1970). Recent research by Helliwell (2006) supports this conjecture.”
BackgroundIs Spending More Potent For or Against a Proposition? Evidence from Ballot Measures
Stratmann, T. (2006) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00216.x · Cited by 61
Ballot Structure, Candidate Race, and Vote Choice in Brazil
Aguilar, R., Cunow, S., DESPOSATO, S. W., & Barone, L. S. (2015) · Latin American Research Review · doi:10.1353/lar.2015.0044 · Cited by 66
Dowling, C. M., & Wichowsky, A. (2013) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x13480828 · Cited by 66
“…situations (Lau & Redlawsk, 2001), we might also expect disclosure to have a greater effect in nonpartisan or other low-information contests where voters cannot take advantage of party labels (Magleby, 1984; Wilcox, 2005) and are more likely to learn from endorser statements (e.g., Lupia, 1994).”
BackgroundInfluentialInequality and Political Violence Revisited
Wang, T. Y., Dixon, W. J., Muller, E. N., & Seligson, M. A. (1993) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/2938829 · Cited by 64
An Institutional Theory of Political Choice
Sniderman, P. M., & Levendusky, M. S. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199270125.003.0023 · Cited by 63
Trust in Government and the American Public’s Responsiveness to Rising Inequality
Macdonald, D. (2019) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912919856110 · Cited by 65
“When deciding whether to support government policies, most Americans, lacking sufficient political information (Converse 1964; Delli Carpini and Keeter 1996), tend to rely on information shortcuts (Lau and Redlawsk 2001; Lupia 1994).”
BackgroundDoes Deliberation Help Deliver Informed Electorates: Evidence from Irish Referendum Votes
Suiter, J., & Reidy, T. (2019) · Representation · doi:10.1080/00344893.2019.1704848 · Cited by 63
Priming Presidential Votes by Direct Democracy
Donovan, T., Tolbert, C. J., & Smith, D. A. (2008) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381608081164 · Cited by 63
Cavalcanti, C., Schläpfer, F., & Schmid, B. (2009) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.09.009 · Cited by 63
“particularly advice by trusted experts with known political orientation, can enhance the consistency of individual decisions (Lupia, 1994; Lupia and Matsusaka, 2004; Schläpfer et al., 2008).”
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All Politics is Not Local: National Forces in State Abortion Initiatives*
Roh, J., & Haider‐Markel, D. P. (2003) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1540-6237.t01-1-8401002 · Cited by 63
Trait Voting in U.S. Senate Elections
Hayes, D. (2010) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x10371298 · Cited by 63
“Because most people are willing to devote only minimal time and energy to thinking about political matters, political judgments are often the product of a few easily accessible cues, not an exhaustive survey of all the available information (e.g., Lau & Redlawsk, 2001; Lupia, 1994).”
BackgroundEras, L. (2022) · Nationalities Papers · doi:10.1017/nps.2021.100 · Cited by 62
“…political scientists have shown that when asked about their political attitudes, individuals often do not process the complete information but rely on speaker cues – such as elite affiliation – basing their decision rather on who said what than what was said (Zaller 1992; Lupia 1994; Rahn 1993).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Lupia, A.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lupia, Arthur
- ORCID
- Lupia, Arthur
- Venue
- American Political Science Review
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 1994-03
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 63-76
- ISSN
- 0003-0554 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5943
- OpenAlex
- W2012728340
- Cited by
- 1,850
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 99 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 118 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 73 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 60 · 2013: 81 · 2012: 69
- FWCI
- 57.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Political Science Review (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Media Influence and Politics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Game Theory and Voting Systems
- Keywords
- voter information, encyclopedic knowledge, voting behavior, ballot initiatives, insurance reform, California elections
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