The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Self-Confirming Equilibrium
Abstract
Self-confirming equilibrium differs from Nash equilibrium in allowing players to have incorrect beliefs about how their opponents would play off of the equilibrium path.We provide several examples of ways that self -confirming and Nash equilibria differ.In games with "identified deviators , " all self -confirming equilibrium outcomes can be generated by extensive -form correlated equilibria.In two-player games, self -confirming equilibria with "unitary beliefs" are Nash.1.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Subjectivity and Correlation in Randomized Strategies
Aumann, R. J. (1974) · Journal of Mathematical Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-4068(74)90037-8 · Cited by 1,630
A two-armed bandit theory of market pricing
Rothschild, M. (1974) · Journal of Economic Theory · doi:10.1016/0022-0531(74)90066-0 · Cited by 618
Cited by
SELECTIVE ATTENTION AND LEARNING
Schwartzstein, J. (2014) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1111/jeea.12104 · Cited by 269
Maximization, learning, and economic behavior
Erev, I., & Roth, A. E. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1402846111 · Cited by 155
Slow to Anger and Fast to Forgive: Cooperation in an Uncertain World
Fudenberg, D., Rand, D. G., & Dreber, A. (2012) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.102.2.720 · Cited by 97
Self-citationConjectural Equilibrium in Multiagent Learning
Wellman, M. P., & Hu, J. (1998) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1023/a:1007514623589 · Cited by 75
Metadata
- Authors
- Fudenberg, D., & Levine, D. K.
- Venue
- Econometrica
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1993-05
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 523
- ISSN
- 0012-9682 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2174806087
- Cited by
- 522
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 9.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Self-Confirming Equilibrium. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2307/2951716
- The paper
- Fudenberg, D., & Levine, D. K. (1993). Self-Confirming Equilibrium. Econometrica. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951716
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
