Cited by 1,575Reliability and Agreement in MeasurementPsychometric Methodologies and TestingSurvey Methodology and Nonresponse

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Reliability of Nominal Data Based on Qualitative Judgments

Perreault, William D., Leigh, Laurence E.·1989·Journal of Marketing Research

DOI 10.2307/3172601

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Most research related to the reliability and validity of marketing measures has focused on multi-item quantitative scales. In contrast, little attention has been given to the quality of nominal scale data developed from qualitative judgments. Judgment-based (“coded”) nominal scale data are important and frequently used in marketing research-for example, in analysis of consumer responses to open-ended survey questions, in cognitive response research, in meta-analysis, and in content analysis. The authors address opportunities and challenges involved in evaluating and improving the quality of judgment-based nominal scale data, with specific emphasis on the use of multiple judges. They review approaches commonly used in other disciplines, then develop a new index of reliability that is more appropriate for the type of interjudge data typically found in marketing studies. Data from a cognitive response experiment are used to illustrate the new index and compare it with other common measures. The authors conclude with suggestions on how to improve the design of studies that rely on judgment-coded data.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2307/3172601

Cites

42 of 42 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529310 · Cited by 81,148
A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales
Cohen, J. (1960) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316446002000104 · Cited by 42,398
A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs
Churchill, G. A. (1979) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224377901600110 · Cited by 16,549
Weighted kappa: nominal scale agreement provision for scaled disagreement or partial credit
Cohen, J. (1968) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0026256 · Cited by 8,736
Measuring nominal scale agreement among many raters.
Fleiss, J. L. (1971) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0031619 · Cited by 8,733
Reliability of Content Analysis: The Case of Nominal Scale Coding
Scott, W. A. (1955) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1086/266577 · Cited by 1,853
Coefficient Kappa: Some Uses, Misuses, and Alternatives
Brennan, R. L., & Prediger, D. J. (1981) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316448104100307 · Cited by 1,676
Reliability: A Review of Psychometric Basics and Recent Marketing Practices
Peter, J. P. (1979) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3150868 · Cited by 1,577
Large sample standard errors of kappa and weighted kappa.
Fleiss, J. L., Cohen, J., & Everitt, B. S. (1969) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0028106 · Cited by 1,536
Effects of Prior Knowledge and Experience and Phase of the Choice Process on Consumer Decision Processes: A Protocol Analysis
Bettman, J. R., & Park, C. W. (1980) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/208812 · Cited by 1,344

Show all 42 references

Sorted by citations

Items 701–800 of 1,002

Processing contradictory brand information from advertising and social media: an application of the multiple-motive heuristic-systematic model
Kim, K., King, K. W., & Kim, J. (2016) · Journal of Marketing Communications · doi:10.1080/13527266.2015.1129356 · Cited by 28
Perceived Differences Among Countries
Mittelstaedt, J. D., Hopkins, C. D., Raymond, M. A., & Duke, C. R. (2004) · Journal of International Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1300/j046v17n01_02 · Cited by 28
Violence in Advertising
Jones, T., Cunningham, P. H., & Gallagher, K. (2010) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.2753/joa0091-3367390402 · Cited by 28
Verbal Communication Between Complaining Consumers and Company Service Representatives
Garrett, D. E., & Meyers, R. A. (1996) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6606.1996.tb00066.x · Cited by 28
An examination of the internationalisation process of the smaller craft firm in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland
Fillis, I. R. (1999) · Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) · Cited by 28
The development of a qualitative dynamic attribute value model for healthcare institutes.
Lee, W.-I. (2010) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 27
The Concept of Supply Chain Agility: Conceptualization, Antecedents, and the Impact on Firm Performance
Gligor, D. M. (2014) · Cited by 27
Stakeholder engagement and SDGs: the role of social media in the European context
Mehmood, A., Hajdini, J., Iaia, L., Luca, F. D., & Sakka, G. (2022) · EuroMed Journal of Business · doi:10.1108/emjb-11-2021-0173 · Cited by 27
A Longitudinal Content Analysis of Gender Roles in Children's Television Advertisements: A 27 Year Review
Maker, J. K., & Childs, N. M. (2003) · Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising · doi:10.1080/10641734.2003.10505142 · Cited by 27
Market representations in industrial marketing: Could representations influence strategy?
Ruiz, C. A. D., & Kowalkowski, C. (2014) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2014.05.015 · Cited by 29
Underlying determinants driving agreement among coders
Feng, G. C. (2012) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-012-9807-z · Cited by 31
Use of Survey Research in Top Mass Communication Journals 2001–2010 And the Total Survey Error Paradigm
Ha, L. S., Hu, X. M., Fang, L., Henize, S., Park, S., Stana, A., & Zhang, X. (2015) · Review of Communication · doi:10.1080/15358593.2015.1014401 · Cited by 27
The Bases of Goal Setting in the Self-regulation of Hypertension
Taylor, S. D., Bagozzi, R. P., Gaither, C. A., & Jamerson, K. (2005) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105306058869 · Cited by 27
The Portrayal of African-Americans in Business-To-Business Direct Mail: A Benchmark Study
Stevenson, T. H., & E.Swayne, L. (1999) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.1999.10673587 · Cited by 27
The impact of organizational climate variables of perceived organizational support, workplace isolation, and ethical climate on salesperson psychological and behavioral work outcomes
Riggle, R. J. (2007) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 27
Pass it On: A Framework for Classifying the Content of Word of Mouth
Nguyen, C., & Romaniuk, J. (2014) · Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ) · doi:10.1016/j.ausmj.2013.12.014 · Cited by 26
Sound and Fury: Digital Vigilantism as a Form of Consumer Voice
Legocki, K. V., Walker, K., & Kiesler, T. (2020) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1177/0743915620902403 · Cited by 26
Inertia, boredom, and complacency in business-to-business relationships: Identifying and interpreting antecedents and manifestations
Vafeas, M., & Hughes, T. (2021) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.03.038 · Cited by 26
Dynamic capabilities for managing racially diverse workforces: Effects on competitive action variety and firm performance
Vlas, C. O., Richard, O. C., Andrevski, G., Konrad, A. M., & Yang, Y. (2021) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.11.060 · Cited by 30
Encouraging product reuse and upcycling via creativity priming, imagination and inspiration
Tarabashkina, L., Devine, A., & Quester, P. G. (2022) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-06-2020-0442 · Cited by 27
Online integrated marketing communication strategies of international brands: standardization vs. adaptation approaches
Rashkova, Y., Moi, L., Marku, E., & Cabiddu, F. (2023) · Journal of Marketing Communications · doi:10.1080/13527266.2023.2177710 · Cited by 26
How does your cultural intelligence contribute to your adjustment? Unveiling the link between cultural intelligence and cross-cultural adjustment using meta-analysis
Tripathi, C. M., Kaurav, R. P. S., & Singh, T. (2023) · Journal of Global Mobility The Home of Expatriate Management Research · doi:10.1108/jgm-01-2023-0006 · Cited by 26
Latest evolution of academic research in corporate social responsibility: an empirical analysis
Alcañiz, J. E. B., Herrera, A. A., Pérez, R. C., & Rivera, J. J. (2010) · Social Responsibility Journal · doi:10.1108/17471111011064726 · Cited by 26
The influence of individualism/collectivism on Mexican and US business negotiation
Heydenfeldt, J. A. (2000) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/s0147-1767(00)00007-9 · Cited by 26
Turning Points and Negotiation: The Case of the 2007–2008 Writers' Strike
Putnam, L. L., & Fuller, R. P. (2014) · Negotiation and Conflict Management Research · doi:10.1111/ncmr.12032 · Cited by 26
Sex Roles in Health Storylines on Prime Time Television: A Content Analysis
Hether, H. J., & Murphy, S. T. (2009) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9654-0 · Cited by 26
Relationship Between Top Executives’ Characteristics and Corporate Environmental Responsibility: Evidence from China
Meng, X., Zeng, S., Leung, A. W. T., & Tam, C. M. (2014) · Human and Ecological Risk Assessment An International Journal · doi:10.1080/10807039.2014.926201 · Cited by 26
1900-2000 in Review: The Shifting Role and Face of Animals in Print Advertisements in the Twentieth Century
Spears, N. E., & Germain, R. N. (2007) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.2753/joa0091-3367360302 · Cited by 26
Environmental justice content in mainstream US, 6–12 environmental education guides
Kushmerick, A., Young, L., & Stein, S. E. (2007) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/13504620701430745 · Cited by 26
Scale development research in nonprofit management & marketing: a content analysis and recommendation for best practices
Wymer, W., & Alves, H. (2012) · International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing · doi:10.1007/s12208-012-0093-1 · Cited by 26
The mechanism of tourism slogans on travel intention based on Unique Selling Proposition (USP) theory
Wang, Y., Huang, L., Li, J., & Yang, Y. (2019) · Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing · doi:10.1080/10548408.2019.1568950 · Cited by 26
A Content Analysis of the “Fine Print” in Television Advertising
Kolbe, R. H., & Muehling, D. D. (1992) · Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising · doi:10.1080/10641734.1992.10504988 · Cited by 26
The role of consumer ethnocentrism on boycott behaviour: What if a domestic business behaves egregiously?
Ülker-Demirel, E., Yürük-Kayapınar, P., & KAYAPINAR, Ö. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l Administration · doi:10.1002/cjas.1600 · Cited by 25
Features of Entertainment Digital Games for Learning and Developing Complex Problem-Solving Skills: A Protocol for a Systemic Review
Gyaurov, D., Fabricatore, C., & Bottino, A. (2022) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069221128491 · Cited by 33
Interactivity Potentials and Usage of German Press-Title Web Sites: An Empirical Investigation
Gerpott, T. J., & Wanke, H. (2004) · Journal of Media Economics · doi:10.1207/s15327736me1704_1 · Cited by 25
The use of humor in television advertising in Hong Kong
Chan, F. F. Y. (2011) · Humor - International Journal of Humor Research · doi:10.1515/humr.2011.003 · Cited by 25
Theories into practice: a content analysis of anti‐smoking websites
Paek, H., Bae, B. J., Hove, T. B., & Yu, H. (2011) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/10662241111104857 · Cited by 25
The role of a firm’s innovation competence on customer adoption of service innovation
Bhatnagar, N., & Gopalaswamy, A. K. (2017) · Management Research Review · doi:10.1108/mrr-11-2015-0280 · Cited by 29
Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to Social Sciences and Knowledge Management
Azcárate, A. L. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/2273 · Cited by 25
Assessment of Communication Barriers in Community Pharmacies
Paluck, E., Green, L. W., Frankish, C. J., Fielding, D. W., & Haverkamp, B. E. (2003) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/0163278703258104 · Cited by 25
Global media, local metaphor: Television shopping and marketing-as-relationship in America, Japan, and Taiwan
Warden, C. A., HUANG, S., LIU, T., & WU, W. (2007) · Journal of Retailing · doi:10.1016/j.jretai.2007.09.002 · Cited by 25
How personal and social-focused values shape the purchase intention for organic food: Cross-country comparison between Thailand and Germany
Winterstein, J., Zhu, B., & Habisch, A. (2023) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140313 · Cited by 24
The Role of Female Directors in the Boardroom: Examining Their Impact on Competitive Dynamics
Kolev, K. D., Hughes‐Morgan, M., & Rehbein, K. A. (2019) · Business & Society · doi:10.1177/0007650319847477 · Cited by 24
Top Management Team Experiential Variety, Competitive Repertoires, and Firm Performance: Examining the Law of Requisite Variety in the 3D Printing Industry (1986–2017)
Fox, B. C., Şimşek, Z., & Heavey, C. (2021) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2019.0734 · Cited by 24
Rise through coping with service failures in tourism
Su, L., Chen, H., & Lin, Z. (2023) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2023.103643 · Cited by 25
Giving a shout out to Seagram's gin: Extent of and attitudes towards brands in popular songs
de Gregorio, F., & Sung, Y. (2009) · Journal of Brand Management · doi:10.1057/bm.2009.4 · Cited by 24
In search of a common thread revisited: what content does fashion communicate?
Lennon, S. J., Johnson, K. K. P., Noh, M., Zheng, Z., Chae, Y., & Kim, Y. (2014) · International Journal of Fashion Design Technology and Education · doi:10.1080/17543266.2014.942892 · Cited by 24
Family man in advertising? A content analysis of male domesticity and fatherhood in Taiwanese commercials
Tsai, W. S. (2010) · Asian Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/01292986.2010.496860 · Cited by 24
Una aproximación desde la teoría de la legitimidad a la información medioambiental revelada por las empresas españolas cotizadas
Carqués, F. J. H. (2007) · Spanish Journal of Finance and Accounting / Revista Española de Financiación y Contabilidad · doi:10.1080/02102412.2007.10779616 · Cited by 24
Applying a voluntary compliance model to a proposed transportation safety regulation
Cantor, D. E., & Terle, M. (2010) · International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management · doi:10.1108/09600031011093223 · Cited by 24
Stop Playing with Your Food
Cicchirillo, V. J., & Lin, J.-S. (2011) · Journal of Advertising Research · doi:10.2501/jar-51-3-484-498 · Cited by 24
Hospitality-based critical incidents: a cross-cultural comparison
Swanson, S. R., Huang, Y., & Wang, B. (2013) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-03-2012-0033 · Cited by 23
Should I stay or should I go? Customers’ reactions faced with the deterioration of a business relationship
Vidal, D., Fenneteau, H., & Paché, G. A. (2016) · Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing · doi:10.1108/jbim-06-2014-0124 · Cited by 23
Do Academics Actually Collaborate in the Study of Interdisciplinary Phenomena? A Look at Half a Century of Research on Mergers and Acquisitions
Mirc, N., Rouziès, A., & Teerikangas, S. P. (2017) · European Management Review · doi:10.1111/emre.12110 · Cited by 23
Analysis of content strategies of selected brand tweets and its influence on information diffusion
Sridevi, P., Niduthavolu, S., & Vedanthachari, L. N. (2020) · Journal of Advances in Management Research · doi:10.1108/jamr-06-2020-0107 · Cited by 23
Gender portrayal in Hong Kong and Korean children's TV commercials: A cross‐cultural comparison
Moon, Y. S., & Chan, K. (2002) · Asian Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/01292980209364825 · Cited by 23
Cross‐cultural comparison of interactivity and advertising appeals on antismoking web sites in the United States and South Korea
Yu, H., Paek, H., & Bae, B. (2008) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/10662240810912738 · Cited by 23
How food ads communicate ‘health’ with children: a content analysis of Korean television commercials
Moon, Y. S. (2010) · Asian Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/01292986.2010.496858 · Cited by 23
Deconstructing Subtle Racist Imagery in Television Ads
Shabbir, H. A., Hyman, M. R., Reast, J. D., & Palihawadana, D. (2013) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1798-8 · Cited by 23
Mood versus Service Quality Effects on Customers’ Responses to Service Organizations and Service Encounters
Knowles, P. A., Grove, S. J., & Pickett, G. M. (1999) · Journal of Service Research · doi:10.1177/109467059922006 · Cited by 23
An Empirical Investigation of Corporate Identity Communication on Hong Kong Hotels’ Websites
Mohammed, I., Guillet, B. D., Schuckert, M. R., & Law, R. (2015) · Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management · doi:10.1080/19368623.2016.1096875 · Cited by 23
Relationship Between Companies and the Public on Facebook: The Portuguese and the Brazilian Context
Loureiro, S. M. C., & Gomes, D. G. (2016) · Journal of Promotion Management · doi:10.1080/10496491.2016.1185493 · Cited by 23
A Cross-National Investigation of Student Attitudes toward Personal Selling: Implications for Marketing Education
Lysonski, S. J., & Durvasula, S. (1998) · Journal of Marketing Education · doi:10.1177/027347539802000210 · Cited by 23
Urban legends: diffusion processes and the exchange of resources
Donavan, D. T., Mowen, J. C., & Chakraborty, G. (2001) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/07363760110404468 · Cited by 22
Putting Things into Context: A Meta-Analysis of Media Context Effects on Attitudinal Outcomes
Kwon, E. S., Nyilasy, G., King, K. W., & Reid, L. N. (2021) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.2021.1895920 · Cited by 25
Relationship Cultivation via Social Media During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence From China and the U.S
Huang, Q., Lynn, B. J., Dong, C., Ni, S., & Men, L. R. (2022) · International Journal of Business Communication · doi:10.1177/23294884211067805 · Cited by 22
A Content Analysis of Reliability in Advertising Content Analysis Studies.
Wang, W. (2011) · Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University) · Cited by 22
Using Sexual Appeals in Advertising to Sell Cosmetic Surgery: A Content Analysis from 1986 to 2007
Hennink-Kaminski, H. J., & Reichert, T. (2010) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-010-9081-y · Cited by 22
Is the Changing Status of African Americans in the B2B Buying Center Reflected in Trade Journal Advertising?
Stevenson, T. H., & E.Swayne, L. (2011) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.2753/joa0091-3367400407 · Cited by 22
Encroachment Patterns of the “Best Products” from the Last Decade*
Orden, J. V., van der Rhee, B., & Schmidt, G. M. (2011) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2011.00834.x · Cited by 22
Generating a Visceral Response
Amos, C., & Spears, N. E. (2010) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.2753/joa0091-3367390302 · Cited by 22
The role of ethnicity in domestic intercultural service encounters
Rizal, H., Jeng, D., & Chang, H. (2015) · Service Business: An International Journal · doi:10.1007/s11628-015-0267-0
Analyzing Image Fragmentation in Promotional Brochures
Camprubí, R., Guía, J., & Comas, J. (2012) · Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research · doi:10.1177/1096348012451451 · Cited by 24
Countermarketing and Demarketing against Product Diversion: Forensic Research in the Firearms Industry
Gundlach, G. T., Bradford, K., & Wilkie, W. L. (2010) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1509/jppm.29.1.103 · Cited by 22
Product Change Intensity in the Personal Computer Industry: A Study of Firm-Supplier Innovation
Hua, S. Y., & Wemmerlöv, U. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2006.878108 · Cited by 22
Descriptions of Web Sites in Search Listings: A Potential Obstacle to Informed Choice of Health Information
Slater, M. D., & Zimmerman, D. E. (2003) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.93.8.1281 · Cited by 22
Collecting Information from Groups: A Comparison of Two Methods
Sweeney, J., Soutar, G. N., Hausknecht, D. R., Dallin, R. F., & Johnson, L. W. (1997) · Market Research Society Journal · doi:10.1177/147078539703900205 · Cited by 22
The Nature and Role of Feedback Text Comments in Online Marketplaces: Implications for Trust Building, Price Premiums, and Seller DifferentiationPreprint
Pavlou, P. A., & Dimoka, A. (2005) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 22
Matching digital companions with customers: The role of perceived similarity
Gelbrich, K., Kerath, A., & Chun, H. H. (2023) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21893 · Cited by 24
From engagement to retention: Unveiling factors driving user engagement and continued usage of mobile trading apps
Thapa, S., Panda, S., Ghimire, A., & Kim, D. J. (2024) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2024.114265 · Cited by 25
China ICT Studies: A Review of the Field, 1989–2012
Qiu, J. L., & Bu, W. (2013) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 21
Integrating nonmarket and market action, response, and initiating firm performance in competitive dynamics
Wei, W., Hu, X., Li, Y., & Peng, P. (2015) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-11-2013-0600 · Cited by 21
Information Literacy Follow-Through: Enhancing Preservice Teachers’ Information Evaluation Skills Through Formative Assessment
Seely, S., Fry, S. W., & Ruppel, M. (2011) · Behavioral & Social Sciences Librarian · doi:10.1080/01639269.2011.565405 · Cited by 21
A Quality-Distinction Model of IT Capabilities: Conceptualization and Two-Stage Empirical Validation Using CMMi Processes
Kishore, R., Swinarski, M. E., Jackson, E., & Rao, H. R. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2011.2165287 · Cited by 21
Un éclairage sur le processus entrepreneurial des mampreneurs. Étude exploratoire de leur dynamique effectuale
d’Andria, A. (2014) · Revue de l’Entrepreneuriat · doi:10.3917/entre.131.0011 · Cited by 21
The moderating effect of self-esteem on consumer responses to global positioning in advertising
Jun, S., Jeong, Y., Gentry, J. W., & Hyun, Y. J. (2015) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/02650487.2015.1094859 · Cited by 22
Developing a Value-Based Measure of Market Orientation in an Interactive Service Relationship
Chen, S., & Quester, P. G. (2005) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1362/026725705774538408 · Cited by 21
A Comparison of Children's and Prime-Time Fine-Print Advertising Disclosure Practices
Muehling, D. D., & Kolbe, R. H. (1998) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.1998.10673561 · Cited by 21
A comparison of services advertising strategies used in US and Korean magazine ads: a content analysis
Bang, H., & Moon, Y. S. (2002) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/08876040210436911 · Cited by 21
Disclosures Exposed: Banner Ad Disclosure Adherence to FTC Guidance in the Top 100 U.S. Web Sites
Hoy, M. G., & Lwin, M. O. (2007) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6606.2007.00082.x · Cited by 21
Keeping Up with the Joneses: Imitation of Service Capabilities by IT Outsourcing Vendors
Ruckman, K., Saraf, N., & Sambamurthy, V. (2012) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2014.0555 · Cited by 21
Interactions between Service Customers : Managing On-Site, Customer-to-Customer, Interactions for Service Advantage
Nicholls, R. (2005) · Cited by 21
The Information Content of Magazine Advertising in Market and Transition Economies
van Herpen, E., Pieters, R. G. M., Fidrmucova, J., & Roosenboom, P. (2000) · Journal of Consumer Policy · doi:10.1023/a:1007138219753 · Cited by 21
Violent Commercials in Television Programs for Children
Shanahan, K. J., Hermans, C. M., & Hyman, M. R. (2003) · Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising · doi:10.1080/10641734.2003.10505141 · Cited by 21
When the Cat's Away: A Content Analysis of MNC Overseas Recruitment Print Ads
Leong, S. M., Tan, H. H., & Loh, M. S.-Y. (2004) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1023/b:busi.0000015845.18419.1d · Cited by 21
Imperatives for Venture Success
Crane, F. G., & Sohl, J. E. (2004) · The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation · doi:10.5367/000000004773863255 · Cited by 21
U.S. and Korean Consumers: A Cross-Cultural Examination of Product Information-Seeking and -Giving
Cheong, H. J., & Mohammed-Baksh, S. (2020) · Journal of Promotion Management · doi:10.1080/10496491.2020.1745985 · Cited by 21
Studying Heterogeneity in the Subsistence Consumer Market: A Context-Sensitive Approach
von Janda, S., Shainesh, G., & Hillebrand, C. (2020) · Journal of International Marketing · doi:10.1177/1069031x20974326 · Cited by 20
What are the most important consumer decision factors when choosing an airline? An emerging economy perspective
Banerji, D., Saha, V., Singh, N., & Srivastava, R. (2022) · Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics · doi:10.1108/apjml-07-2021-0486 · Cited by 20
Research on Anxiety of Learning Chinese as a Second or Foreign Language in and Outside Mainland China: A Systematic Review of the Literature 1999–2020
Yao, S., Zhang, D., & Shen, Q. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.843858 · Cited by 22

Authors: Perreault, W. D., & Leigh, L. E.
Affiliations: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
Birmingham–Southern College (US)
Venue: Journal of Marketing Research
Publisher: JSTOR
Published: 1989-05
Volume: 26
Issue: 2
Pages: 135
ISSN: 0022-2437 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2307/3172601
OpenAlex: W2069585723
Cited by: 1,575
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 89 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 88 · 2012: 86
FWCI: 12.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Marketing Research (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
Keywords: reliability statistics, nominal data, qualitative judgment, marketing activities, measurement validity

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Reliability of Nominal Data Based on Qualitative Judgments

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks