Thyroid Cancer after Exposure to External Radiation: A Pooled Analysis of Seven Studies
Abstract
Elaine Ron, Jay H. Lubin, Roy E. Shore, Kiyohiko Mabuchi, Baruch Modan, Linda M. Pottern, Arthur B. Schneider, Margaret A. Tucker, John D. Boice, Jr., Thyroid Cancer after Exposure to External Radiation: A Pooled Analysis of Seven Studies, Radiation Research, Vol. 141, No. 3 (Mar., 1995), pp. 259-277
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The risk of thyroid neoplasia is greatest with exposure to low-level external radiation (0.1-25 Gy; ~0.09-30 μCi/g or 3.33-1110 Bq/g), not with the higher administered activities used to treat GD.
“The risk of thyroid neoplasia is greatest with exposure to low-level external radiation (0.1-25 Gy; *0.09-30 lCi/g or 3.33-1110 Bq/g) (314,315,352,354,357), not with the higher administered activities used to treat GD.”
From 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis (2016) · cites this paper as [352]
There is an increased risk of thyroid nodules and cancer associated with low-level thyroid irradiation in children.
“Because of an increased risk of thyroid nodules and cancer associated with low-level thyroid irradiation in children (314,(352)(353)(354)) and poor remission rates with low-administered activities of RAI (88)(89)(90), it is important that RAI activities >150 lCi (>5.55 MBq/g) rather than smaller activities of RAI be administered to achieve hypothyroidism (312).”
From 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis (2016) · cites this paper as [352]
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“For breast cancer (28, 44, 51, 52), it has been suggested that LSS (age-dependent) EAR might best be used to estimate risks in other populations, while for other sites, including stomach (50) and thyroid (48), it has been suggested that the ERR might be the most appropriate for this purpose.”
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Self-citationThe American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Taskforce on Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis, Bahn, R. S., Burch, H. B., Cooper, D. S., Garber, J. R., Greenlee, M. C., Klein, I., Laurberg, P., McDougall, I. R., Montori, V. M., et al. (2011) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2010.0417 · Cited by 898 · see citing works
“09–30 mCi/g) (192,193,228,235,236), not with the higher administered activities used to treat GD.”
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“External beam-radiation exposure in childhood for the treatment of benign conditions of the head and neck also increases the risk of papillary carcinom”
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“It was used from about the 1930s– 1960s to treat several benign conditions of the head and neck, and follow-up of several of these irradiated populations showed a strong radiation dose-response relationship with thyroid cancer, especially papillary carcinoma (29).”
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“One possibility for developing a single summary model would be to use a model that allows for unobserved study-specific random effects as was done in a recent pooled analysis of thyroid cancer (35).”
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“For pediatric patients, Ron et al (1995) showed that a linear dose–response relationship best described the radiation response down to 0.1 Gy.”
BackgroundInfluentialCANCER RISKS FROM MEDICAL RADIATION
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“The results also indicate that risk continues throughout life and that there is a steep decline in risk with increasing age at exposure (Ron et al. 1995).”
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“Two Swedish studies of patients with skin hemangioma with low-dose and low dose rate exposures to radium 226 obtained risk estimates that were similar to those in the pooled analysis of Ron et al (43): an ERR per gray of 7.”
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“E-mail: pasr@medizin.uni-leipzig.de This work was supported by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG/Pa423/3-2 and Pa423/12-1; NE 84417-7, FU 35617- 7), the Krebshilfe (10-1575), and the Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Klinische Forschung at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Leipzig (Project…”
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“External radiation to the thyroid increases risk for thyroid cancer, particularly when the radiation occurs in childhood [9, 10, 139, 140].”
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“7 times per Gy, especially among children (32).”
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“We also compared the linear dose response with the linear-quadratic model, which is usually regarded as the possible alternative (7, 13).”
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“This was confirmed later in multiple studies of patients who had exposure to environmental or medical radiation, including X-ray or g-radiation as wells as radioiodines, mainly iodine-131 ((131)I).(3) In the decades after the 1986 Chernobyl accident, the surrounding geographic”
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“The sole prospective cohort study, involving individual dose estimates and serial screening examinations of children and adolescents in Ukraine through 2007 (29), found no variation in radiation risk by time since exposure, a result compatible with studies of medical radiation in childhood in which thyroid cancer risk…”
Exposing the Thyroid to Radiation: A Review of Its Current Extent, Risks, and Implications
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“Of note, the excess risk persists for at least four decades after exposure (1, 17).”
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“The estimate of risk for persons exposed to x-or γ radiation before age 15, from a combined analysis of these studies (Ron et al 1995), is shown in table 5.”
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“Above 20 yr of age, the risk of thyroid cancer after low-level irradiation is either very low or undetectable (31, 32).”
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“One of the most consistent findings for thyroid cancer after external irradiation is a trend for increasing ERR per gray with younger age at exposure (Ron et al. 1995).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationEffects of Radiation Exposure From Cardiac Imaging
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“These models are largely based on data rom the Life Span Study, although the pooled breast cancer odel from the systematic review discussed in the previous ext (46), and a thyroid cancer model (63) based on several f the medical studies tabulated in the previous text (63), are ncorporated.”
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Long‐term trend of thyroid cancer risk among Japanese atomic‐bomb survivors: 60 years after exposure
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“reported that there were limited data related to adult exposure, which provided insufficient evidence of a radiation effect.(5) This should not be interpreted as the lack of a radiation effect, but is likely due to the lack of statistical power for detecting a small effect.”
BackgroundSelf-citationYoussef, E. M., Matsuda, T., Takada, N., Osugi, H., Higashino, M., Kinoshita, H., Watanabe, T., Katsura, Y., Wanibuchi, H., & Fukushima, S. (1995) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19950801)76:3 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationZablotska, L. B., Ron, E., Rozhko, A. V., HATCH, M. C., Polyanskaya, O. N., Brenner, A. V., Lubin, J. H., Романов, Г. Н., McConnell, R., O’Kane, P., et al. (2010) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605967 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“…30 was ERR/Gy¼ 5.35 among those exposed younger than 10 and ERR/Gy¼ 4.28 among those exposed between 10 and 19 years old (Preston et al, 2007), and much lower compared to the estimate from the pooled analysis of risks after X-ray and g-irradiation (ERR/Gy¼ 7.7, 95% CI: 2.1– 28.7) (Ron et al, 1995).”
InfluentialSelf-citationThe cancer epidemiology of radiation
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“1 Gy with a linear dose–response curve and the related risk increases by 10 times at 1 Gy (Ron et al. 1995).”
BackgroundJarząb, B., Handkiewicz-Junak, D., & Włoch, J. (2005) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1677/erc.1.00880 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
“…century, was due to use of irradiation to treat benign childhood conditions including tinea capitis, acne, chronic tonsillitis and thymus 774 www.endocrinology-journals.orgDownloaded from Bioscientifica.com at 12/02/2018 09:35:12AM via free access enlargement (Ron et al. 1995, Lubin et al. 2004).”
BackgroundBiological effects after prenatal irradiation (embryo and fetus)
Valentin, J. (2003) · Annals of the ICRP · doi:10.1016/s0146-6453(03)00021-6 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Incidence of cancer in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients treated 25 years previously
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New malignancies following childhood cancer in the United States, 1973–2002
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Thyroid neoplasms after therapeutic radiation for malignancies during childhood or adolescence
Acharya, S., Sarafoglou, K., LaQuaglia, M. P., Lindsley, S. K., Gerald, W. L., Wollner, N., TAN, C. T. C., & Sklar, C. A. (2003) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.11362 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“A pooled analysis of seven studies evaluating thyroid carcinoma after exposure to external radiation during childhood concluded that the dose-response relation was linear; although, at the highest doses ( 1000 cGy), the risk for thyroid carcinoma appeared to plateau.(5) Although recent data have confirmed the associat…”
BackgroundIonising radiation and cancer risks: What have we learned from epidemiology?
Gilbert, E. S. (2009) · International Journal of Radiation Biology · doi:10.1080/09553000902883836 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
“7 from a pooled analyses of thyroid cancer risks of persons exposed externally (Ron et al. 1995).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEisenberg, M. J., Afilalo, J., Lawler, P. R., Abrahamowicz, M., Richard, H., & Pilote, L. (2011) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.100463 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
The Management of Graves' Disease in Children, with Special Emphasis on Radioiodine Treatment
Rivkees, S. A., Sklar, C. A., & Freemark, M. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.11.5239 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Lebbink, C. A., Links, T. P., Czarniecka, A., Dias, R. P., Elisei, R., Izatt, L., Krude, H., Lorenz, K., Luster, M., Newbold, K. L., et al. (2022) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1530/etj-22-0146 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Head and Neck Cancer: Global Burden and Regional Trends in India
Mishra, A., & Meherotra, R. (2014) · Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.2.537 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
O'Brien, M. M., Donaldson, S. S., Balise, R. R., et al. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2009.24.8062 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“The young age of the patients in our cohort may contribute to the high observed rate of thyroid cancer, consistent with reports that at radiation doses below 20 Gy, thyroid carcinoma risk is highest among patients diagnosed with their primary cancer before age 10 years.(30-32) The significant incidence of thyroid carc…”
A pooled analysis of case–control studies of thyroid cancer. IV. Benign thyroid diseases
Franceschi, S., Preston‐Martin, S., Maso, L. D., Negri, E., Vecchia, C. L., Mack, W. J., McTiernan, A., Kolonel, L. N., Mark, S. D., Mabuchi, K., et al. (1999) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1023/a:1008907227706 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“Genetic factors, lifestyle (including medical ascertainment), hormonal factors, and radiation are associated with the development of benign [9], as well as malignant, thyroid nodules [10, 11].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCancer and non-cancer effects in Japanese atomic bomb survivors
Little, M. P. (2009) · Journal of Radiological Protection · doi:10.1088/0952-4746/29/2a/s04 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
“…studies of skin haemangioma patients with low dose and low dose rate exposures from 226Ra obtained similar risk estimates to the pooled analysis of Ron et al (1995): an ERR/Gy = 7.5 (95% CI 0.4, 18.1) based on an estimated mean thyroid dose of 120 mGy (Lindberg et al 1995), and ERR/Gy = 4.9 (95%…”
ResultInfluentialRadiation Exposure From Diagnostic Imaging in Severely Injured Trauma Patients
Tien, H. C. N., Tremblay, L. N., Rizoli, S. B., Gelberg, J., Netto, F. A. C. S., Caldwell, C., & Brenneman, F. D. (2007) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0b013e31802d9700 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Veiga, L. H. S., Holmberg, E. C., Anderson, H., Pottern, L. M., Sadetzki, S., Adams, M. J., Sakata, R., Schneider, A. B., Inskip, P. D., Bhatti, P., et al. (2016) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/rr14213.1 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationRadiation-related genomic profile of papillary thyroid carcinoma after the Chernobyl accident
Morton, L. M., Karyadi, D. M., Stewart, C., Ti, B., Dawson, E. T., Steinberg, M. K., Dai, J., Hartley, S. W., Schonfeld, S. J., Sampson, J. N., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abg2538 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Chernobyl Accident and its Consequences
Saenko, V., Ivanov, V. K., Tsyb, A. F., Ti, B., Tronko, M. D., Demidchik, Y. E., & Yamashita, S. (2011) · Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.clon.2011.01.502 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“4 for a dose of 1 Gy according to different riskmodels; thiswas generally comparable with risk estimates for external exposures [41].”
BackgroundThyroid Cancer Following Childhood Low-Dose Radiation Exposure: A Pooled Analysis of Nine Cohorts
Lubin, J. H., Adams, M. J., Shore, R. E., Holmberg, E. C., Schneider, A. B., Hawkins, M. M., Robison, L. L., Inskip, P. D., Lundell, M., Johansson, R., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2016-3529 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“Investigators al o identified important modifiers of the doseresponse association, namely, radiation dose respon se trends emerged within 5-10 years of exposure, increased at younger ages at exposure, de clined with increasing attained age and persisted for 50 years and more after exposure (8, 10).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMinimizing and Communicating Radiation Risk in Pediatric Nuclear Medicine
Fahey, F. H., Treves, S. T., & Adelstein, S. J. (2011) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.109.069609 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“Most of these exposures were in children (40).”
BackgroundAn Optimal Treatment for Pediatric Graves’ Disease Is Radioiodine
Rivkees, S. A., & Dinauer, C. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1239 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
CANCER INCIDENCE AND RISK ESTIMATION AMONG MEDICAL X-RAY WORKERS IN CHINA, 1950–1995
Wang, J. X., Zhang, L. A., Li, B.-Q., Zhao, Y., Wang, Z. Q., Zhang, J., & Aoyama, T. (2002) · Health Physics · doi:10.1097/00004032-200204000-00004 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“It is clear the thyroid cancer can be induced by external high dose acute radiation exposure during childhood as children irradiated for diseases of the head and neck (Shore 1992; Ron et al. 1995) and atomic bomb survivors (Thompson et al.”
BackgroundMedical Exposure to Radiation and Thyroid Cancer
Schonfeld, S. J., Lee, C. R., & de González, A. B. (2011) · Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.clon.2011.01.159 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“In addition to age at exposure, the risk varied according to the time since exposure [13].”
BackgroundInfluentialRadiation carcinogenesis: lessons from Chernobyl
Williams, D. W. (2008) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2009.349 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“After exposure to external radiation, children under 4 years of age showed a fivefold greater risk per Gy of developing thyroid cancer than children aged 10–14 years (Ron et al., 1995) and a study of thyroid cancer after radiotherapy for an earlier childhood cancer found a 10-fold higher ERR/Gy for those treated with…”
BackgroundDental x-rays and the risk of thyroid cancer: A case-control study
Memon, A., Godward, S., Williams, D., et al. (2010) · Acta Oncologica · doi:10.3109/02841861003705778 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“Evidence for an association between exposure to high-dose ionising radiation and thyroid cancer has come from studies of children who had received x-ray treatment, for benign conditions such as enlarged tonsils or thymus gland, haemangioma, ringworm of the scalp ( tinea capitis), skin disorders, and painful arthrosis…”
The impact of cancer therapy on the endocrine system in survivors of childhood brain tumours
Gleeson, H. K., & Shalet, S. M. (2004) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1677/erc.1.00779 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“At low to moderate doses of radiation there is a linear relationship with risk of developing thyroid cancer which flattens out at higher doses (Ron et al. 1995).”
BackgroundRadiation Therapy for Orbital Tumors: Concepts, Current Use, and Ophthalmic Radiation Side Effects
Finger, P. T. (2009) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2009.06.004 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Epidemiology and Primary Prevention of Thyroid Cancer
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Estimates of the cancer burden in Europe from radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl accident
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“The BEIR VII risk models were derived from analyses of data on the Japanese atomic bomb survivors for all cancer sites except breast and thyroid; for the latter, they were based on published combined analyses of data on the atomic bomb survivors and medically exposed cohorts.(40,41) To estimate risks from exposure at…”
MethodThe FOXE1 locus is a major genetic determinant for radiation-related thyroid carcinoma in Chernobyl
Takahashi, M., Saenko, V., Rogounovitch, T., Kawaguchi, T., Drozd, V. M., Takigawa-Imamura, H., Akulevich, N. M., Ratanajaraya, C., Mitsutake, N., Takamura, N., et al. (2010) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddq123 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“Radiation is the only known environmental risk factor for PTC seen both after external exposure (7) and internal irradiation (5).”
BackgroundThe association between serum TSH concentration and thyroid cancer
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“1992) and history of irradiation exposure (Ron et al. 1995).”
BackgroundCancer after nuclear fallout: lessons from the Chernobyl accident
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“However, studies of thyroid carcinoma following external radiation also show an age-related effect, with those aged 0–4 years at exposure having a fivefold higher risk than those aged 10–14 year”
Yu, G., Li, J. C.-L., Branovan, D. I., McCormick, S. A., & Schantz, S. P. (2010) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2008.0281 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“Diagnostic X-rays are the largest human-made source of radiation exposure to the general populations, contributing about 14% of total worldwide radiation exposure from human-made and natural sources (29).”
Low dose or low dose rate ionizing radiation-induced health effect in the human
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- Authors
- Ron, E., Lubin, J. H., Shore, R. E., Mabuchi, K., Modan, B., Pottern, L. M., Schneider, A. B., Tucker, M. A., & Boice, J. D.
- Venue
- Radiation Research
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1995-03
- Volume
- 141
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 259
- ISSN
- 0033-7587 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4234375295
- Cited by
- 1,107
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 58
- FWCI
- 11.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Radiation Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Effects of Radiation Exposure
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Radioactive contamination and transfer
- Keywords
- thyroid cancer, external radiation exposure, radiation-induced cancer, pooled analysis, cancer risk, ionizing radiation
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