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Effects of Sample Size on Kernel Home Range Estimates
Abstract
D. Erran Seaman, Joshua J. Millspaugh, Brian J. Kernohan, Gary C. Brundige, Kenneth J. Raedeke, Robert A. Gitzen, Effects of Sample Size on Kernel Home Range Estimates, The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 63, No. 2 (Apr., 1999), pp. 739-747
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“After applying the above filters, only individuals with ≥50 telemetry points were included, in order to reduce the effects of small sample sizes on home range estimates [15].”
From Landscape Analysis of Adult Florida Panther Habitat (2015) · cites this paper as [15]
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“…through fixed-kernel methods (Worton 1989) and calculated 50 % fixed kernels using the least-squares cross-validation procedure to determine the optimal value of the smoothing parameter for a given kernel and sample size (Seaman and Powell 1996; Seaman et al. 1999; Gitzen and Millspaugh 2003).”
Methodel-Hacen, E., Overdijk, O., Lok, T., Olff, H., & Piersma, T. (2013) · doi:10.1675/063.036.0305 · Cited by 22
“We estimated individual home ranges using a robust non-parametric method, the fixed kernel estimator (KDE) (Worton 1989; Seaman et al .”
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“Although case by case dependent, variance of kernel home range estimation has been shown by simulations to asymptote at approximately 50 animal locations (Seaman et al. 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialMatthews, A., & Green, K. (2012) · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00881.x · Cited by 22
“For estimates of annual home range using the fixed kernel technique (Worton, 1989), one fix per night was used with a minimum of 50 fixes in total (Seaman et al., 1999).”
MethodEffects of roads on survival of San Clemente Island foxes
Snow, N. P., Andelt, W. F., Stanley, T. R., Resnik, J. R., & Munson, L. (2011) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.1002/jwmg.247 · Cited by 23
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MethodJachowski, D. S., Millspaugh, J. J., Biggins, D. E., Livieri, T. M., & Matchett, M. R. (2010) · Wildlife Biology · doi:10.2981/09-034 · Cited by 22
“30; Seaman et al. 1999) on each individual within the 5-month sampling period each year and calculated a 95% fixed kernel UD for each ferret (Fig.”
BackgroundSelf-citationTemple, D. L., Chamberlain, M. J., & Conner, L. M. (2010) · The American Midland Naturalist · doi:10.1674/0003-0031-163.2.413 · Cited by 25
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Verdolin, J. L. (2009) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-009-0712-y · Cited by 18
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“Range estimates can be biased by small sample sizes (,50; Seaman et al., 1999) or short tracking periods.”
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Osmun, A. E., & Mennill, D. (2011) · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2011.01887.x · Cited by 21
“1), as has been shown in previous studies that use kernelling methods (Seaman et al. 1999; Borger et al. 2006).”
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“…enclosure in both PIT-tag sessions, and calculated them by least squared cross-validation (LSCV; mean number of observations per individual per plot is 20.37) in order to restrict the amount of overestimation of home ranges due to small sample sizes (Seaman and Powell 1996; Seaman et al. 1999).”
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“The user has the ability to implement any or all the following utilization distribution or OD techniques: bivariate kernel (Seaman et al., 1999), regular Brownian Bridge Movement Model (Horne et al., 2007), dynamic Brownian Bridge Movement Model (Kranstauber et al., 2012), Continuous Time Movement…”
MethodPleslić, G., Rako‐Gospić, N., Miočić‐Stošić, J., Vučur, T. B., Radulović, M., Mackelworth, P. C., Frleta‐Valić, M., & Holcer, D. (2019) · Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems · doi:10.1002/aqc.3213 · Cited by 27
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“Seaman et al. (1999) suggest a minimum of 30 geographic fixes are required when using LSCV for smoothing in the fixed kernel method, while 100–300 fixes may be necessary before an asymptote is reached using MCP analysis.”
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“We used least-squares crossvalidation for bandwidth selection (Seaman et al. 1999, Kernohan et al. 2001) and used Hawth’s Analysis Tools (http://www.spatialecology.com/htools) and ArcGIS 9.2 (ESRI, Redlands, California) to calculate the sizes of wintering home ranges and core-use areas for each…”
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“We could not use fixed kernel ranges because we had a limited number of samples for some owls, which caused overestimation of the size (see Seaman et al. 1999).”
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“…home ranges for individuals or coveys having ≥ 20 radiotelemetry locations (DeVos and Mueller, 1993; Taylor et al., 1999) were created using the 95% fixed-kernel method (Seaman et al., 1999; Worton, 1989) through the Geospatial Modelling Environment (Spatial Ecology LLC,Marshfield,Wisconsin).”
MethodMapping the distribution of a prey resource: neonate caribou in Newfoundland
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“In 2009 we did not collect enough confirmed caribou calf locations in Middle Ridge South to generate a kernel (Seaman et al. 1999), so we used all calf locations (confirmed and unconfirmed) and locations of 1 adult female to generate the Middle Ridge South calving ground kernel in that year.”
BackgroundThe socio-spatial dynamics of the Japanese badger (Meles anakuma)
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“For fixed-kernel core areas, the resolution of the kernel-density grid, or bandwidth, was determined with least-squares cross validation (Seaman and Powell 1996; Seaman et al. 1999).”
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BackgroundUse of Telemetry Data to Investigate Home Range and Habitat Selection in Mammalian Carnivores
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“Fixed-kernel analyses were performed with a bandwidth calculated using least-squares cross validation (Powell, 2000; Seaman et al., 1999).”
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“We used a 95% kernel density estimate (KDE) to determine home-range size (Worton, 1989) in RANGES 9 (Kenward et al., 2014) with fixed kernels as they are considered more accurate and less biased than adaptive kernels for 95% KDEs (Seaman & Powell, 1996; Seaman et al., 1999).”
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“The smoothing parameter, h, was calculated with the least-square cross-validation technique (Seaman et al. 1999).”
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BackgroundSepulveda, A. J., Lowe, W., & Marra, P. (2012) · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2012.02800.x · Cited by 18
“…of minimum convex polygons to estimate home range size show that they are sensitive to sample size and influenced by outliers (i.e. individuals or species with extreme positions on either the d13C or d15N axis; Laundre & Keller, 1984; Seaman et al., 1999; Harris et al., 1990; Layman et al., 2007a).”
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“…through fixed-kernel methods (Worton 1989 ) and calculated 50 % fixed kernels using the least-squares cross-validation procedure to determine the optimal value of the smoothing parameter for a given kernel and sample size (Seaman and Powell 1996 , Seaman et al. 1999 , Gitzen and Millspaugh 2003 ).”
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“multiple known distributions were sufficient to accurately define home range [32,33].”
BackgroundGhaffari, H., Ihlow, F., Plummer, M., Karami, M., Khorasani, N., Safaei-Mahroo, B., & Rödder, D. (2014) · doi:10.2744/ccb-1071.1 · Cited by 17
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“The KDE was used as a comparative estimate of home range because, unlike MCP and HM, it is not particularly affected by outlying fixes and also because it is a commonly used estimate in the recent literature (Seaman et al. 1999; Belcher and Darrant 2004).”
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Reed, J. A., & Flint, P. (2007) · doi:10.1111/j.1557-9263.2006.00093.x · Cited by 17
Effects of SpayVac® on Urban Female White-Tailed Deer Movements
Hernandez, S., Locke, S. L., Cook, M., Harveson, L. A., Davis, D., Lopez, R. R., Silvy, N., & Fraker, M. (2006) · doi:10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[1430:eosouf]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 17
Xu, H.-S., Xu, K., Wang, T.-Y., & Xue, W. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912592 · Cited by 16
Gaudiano, L., Pucciarelli, L., Frassanito, A., Mori, E., Morimando, F., Silvestri, F., Sorino, R., Viviano, A., & Corriero, G. (2022) · Mammal Research · doi:10.1007/s13364-022-00617-7 · Cited by 16
“The last package was also used to assess the minimum number of fixes to reliably estimate home range sizes in each season (Seaman et al. 1999).”
MethodVariable effects of wind‐energy development on seasonal habitat selection of pronghorn
Milligan, M., Johnston, A. N., Beck, J., Smith, K. T., Taylor, K. L., Hall, E., Knox, L., Cufaude, T., Wallace, C. B., Chong, G. W., et al. (2021) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.3850 · Cited by 16
Home range size, space use and resource selection of griffon vultures in an insular environment
Xirouchakis, S., Grivas, C., Andreou, G., & Georgopoulou, E. (2021) · doi:10.1111/jzo.12868 · Cited by 16
Bustamante-Manrique, S., Botero-Henao, N., Castaño, J., & Link, A. (2021) · Primates · doi:10.1007/s10329-021-00895-w · Cited by 16
Ackerman, J., Peterson, S. H., Tsao, D. C., & Takekawa, J. (2018) · Waterbirds (De Leon Springs, Fla.) · doi:10.1675/063.041.0402 · Cited by 16
“Small sample sizes can cause over-smoothing and consequently can over-estimate home range size (Seaman et al. 1999; Horne and Garton 2006).”
BackgroundSymons, J., Sprogis, K. R., & Bejder, L. (2018) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.4512 · Cited by 18
Home ranges of lions in the Kalahari, Botswana exhibit vast sizes and high temporal variability
Zehnder, A., Henley, S. R., & Weibel, R. (2018) · Zoology · doi:10.1016/j.zool.2018.04.001 · Cited by 31
Godet, L., Harmange, C., Marquet, M., Joyeux, E., & Fournier, J. (2018) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-017-1460-3 · Cited by 16
“We also excluded from our analysis all the individuals for which we collected fewer than 40 fixes, as 30–50 fixes are generally required (Seaman et al. 1999).”
MethodCougar response to a gradient of human development
Maletzke, B. T., Kertson, B. N., Swanson, M. E., Koehler, G. M., Beausoleil, R. A., Wielgus, R. B., & Cooley, H. S. (2017) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.1828 · Cited by 14
“The number of locations per cougar per year exceeded the suggested minimum of >30 GPS locations per UD (Seaman et al. 1999).”
BackgroundHabitat use by American black bears in the urban–wildland interface of the Mid-Atlantic, USA
Tri, A. N., Edwards, J., Strager, M., Petty, J., Ryan, C. W., Carpenter, C. P., Ternent, M. A., & Carr, P. C. (2016) · doi:10.2192/ursus-d-15-00007.1 · Cited by 16
“After censor‐ ing out bears with insufficient data to estimate home range size (,200 locations; Seaman et al. 1999), we used the 95% fixed-kernel home ranges to generate one paired point within a given bear’s seasonal home range (available) for each (used) bear location.”
BackgroundMethodFidorra, J., Frederick, P., Evers, D., & Meyer, K. D. (2016) · doi:10.1650/condor-14-117.1 · Cited by 16
Ivey, G. L., Dugger, B. D., Herziger, C. P., Casazza, M. L., & Fleskes, J. P. (2015) · Ornithological Applications · doi:10.1650/condor-14-159.1 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Seaman, D. E., Millspaugh, J. J., Kernohan, B. J., Brundige, G. C., Raedeke, K. J., & Gitzen, R. A.
- Venue
- The Journal of Wildlife Management
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1999-04
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 739
- ISSN
- 0022-541X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2094014445
- Cited by
- 1,390
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 60 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 81 · 2013: 98 · 2012: 80
- FWCI
- 13.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Wildlife Management (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
- Keywords
- sample size, home range estimation, animal movement, home range size, GPS tracking, spatial autocorrelation
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