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Effects of Sample Size on Kernel Home Range Estimates
Abstract
D. Erran Seaman, Joshua J. Millspaugh, Brian J. Kernohan, Gary C. Brundige, Kenneth J. Raedeke, Robert A. Gitzen, Effects of Sample Size on Kernel Home Range Estimates, The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 63, No. 2 (Apr., 1999), pp. 739-747
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“After applying the above filters, only individuals with ≥50 telemetry points were included, in order to reduce the effects of small sample sizes on home range estimates [15].”
From Landscape Analysis of Adult Florida Panther Habitat (2015) · cites this paper as [15]
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Hiller, T. L., Belant, J. L., & Beringer, J. (2015) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/jzo.12234 · Cited by 16
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“The accuracy of home range estimates can be affected by the number of locations used (Seaman et al. 1999).”
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Haigh, A., O'Riordan, R., & Butler, F. (2013) · doi:10.1515/mammalia-2012-0094 · Cited by 16
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“We felt this method was more appropriate than kernel-based procedures because with sample sizes <30, kernel estimators tend to overestimate home range size while other methods underestimate home range size (Seaman et al. 1999).”
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Nutria Survivorship, Movement Patterns, and Home Ranges
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“…because, although adaptive kernel may give the most accurate picture of actual home range, FK produces the least-biased estimates of home-range area with the lowest error, which is especially important when dealing with low sample sizes (Seaman and Powell 1996, Seaman et al. 1999, Worton 1989).”
BackgroundSteinmann, A., Priotto, J., Sommaro, L. V., & Polop, J. (2006) · doi:10.1016/j.actao.2005.11.010 · Cited by 16
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“…estimation, we established href as the smoothing parameter (Calenge, 2006) in‐ stead of the parameter calculated with least‐squares cross‐valida‐ tion (Diemer & Nocera, 2014) because the latter may overestimate home ranges when having <50 locations (Seaman & Powell, 1996; Seaman et al., 1999).”
MethodBrzeziński, M., Jedlikowski, J., & Komar, E. (2019) · Folia zoologica (Brno) · doi:10.25225/fozo.040.2019 · Cited by 15
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“Short-term, seasonal, and annual home ranges were calculated using kernel estimates with optimum bandwidth (Worton 1989, Seaman & Powell 1996, Kie et al. 2010), excluding the 5% most peripheral positions.”
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Newsome, T. M., Spencer, E. E., & Dickman, C. R. (2016) · Australian Mammalogy · doi:10.1071/am16037 · Cited by 21
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“Kernel estimates of home range size are affected by sample size, and sample sizes less than 30–50 will bias results (Seaman et al. 1999; Laver and Kelly 2008).”
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialSmith, C. F., Schuett, G., & Amarello, M. (2015) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/bij.12490 · Cited by 15
“For kernel estimates of home range size, smoothing values were determined using least-squares cross-validation (Seaman et al., 1999).”
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Vidal, E. M. L., Sillero‐Zubiri, C., Mariño, J., Casanave, E. B., & Lucherini, M. (2012) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00896.x · Cited by 17
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“Least square cross validation was applied to select smoothing parameters with minimum estimated error for home range estimates (Seaman et al., 1999).”
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“Because variation in numbers of observed locations may affect home-range estimates (Seaman et al. 1999), we determined the minimum number of locations required to create a fixed-kernel home range by consecutively removing random locations and recalculating home ranges for each avocet to create a…”
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“Convex polygon methods produce an estimate of home range size but are subject to sample size, sampling regime, and boundary cutoff effects (Loehle 1990, Seaman et al. 1999, B€orger et al. 2006).”
MethodChaiyarat, R., Youngpoy, N., Kongsurakan, P., & Nakbun, S. (2019) · Wildlife research (East Melbourne) · doi:10.1071/wr18184 · Cited by 14
Bailey, B. A., & King, D. I. (2019) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00728 · Cited by 14
“Birdswith fewer than 5 locations were excluded from the analyses, which is below generally recommended sample sizes for home range estimation (Seaman et al., 1999).”
BackgroundLeão, S. P. D., Famelli, S., & Vogt, R. (2019) · Chelonian Conservation and Biology · doi:10.2744/ccb-1273.1 · Cited by 14
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“The kernel density estimate (KDE) boundaries on the innermost 95% of the 817 presence data points were used to estimate the area use (Seaman et al. 1999) of the banteng.”
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“Home range was only estimated when there were more than 30 locations per deer and per season (Seaman et al. 1999).”
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“We obtained the minimum number of locations for lions in our study to determine home-range size (minimum number of radiolocations from one lion = 188; Seaman et al., 1999; Garton et al., 2001), with the majority of lions (n = 26) attaining >475 locations.”
MethodDeppe, L., McGregor, K. F., Tomasetto, F., Briskie, J., & Scofield, R. (2014) · doi:10.3354/meps10624 · Cited by 14
“The resulting density estimates correspond to the amount of time the birds spent in any given area (Seaman et al. 1999), and can be used as a proxy measure for the intensity with which certain parts of the foraging range were frequented (Wood et al. 2000).”
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“…ESRI; Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., Redlands, California) with a kernel density estimator (Worton 1989), a fixed smoothing technique (Worton 1995; Seaman and Powell 1996), and the least-squares crossvalidation for bandwidth selection (Worton 1989; Seaman et al. 1999; Powell 2000).”
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“%) for each squirrel in ArcView 3.3 (ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA) with a fixedkernel home-range estimator and a smoothing parameter defined by least-squares cross validation (Worton, 1989; Seaman, Griffith & Powell, 1998; Seaman et al., 1999).”
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“per month were included in calculations (Seaman et al. 1999).”
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Wood, D., Vilella, F. J., & Burger, L. W. (2008) · doi:10.1676/04-068.1 · Cited by 14
“Kernel methods account for repeated locations whereas MCP methods do not (Seaman and Powell 1996, Seaman et al. 1999).”
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“This would emphasize the key parts of the range, and hence enable more useful comparisons among fragments (Seaman et al., 1999).”
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“BIOTAS™ software was also used to estimate 95% fixed kernel home ranges (Powel 2000, Seaman and Powel 1996) with least-squares cross validation for all bats with ≥ 20 data points (n = 10, mean number bearings = 84, SD = 83; Powel 2000, Seaman 1997).”
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“Home ranges were calculated first for single individuals, with 30 locations covering the entire time span of observation, to reliably estimate home-range sizes (Seaman et al. 1999).”
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“This method is the most appropriate for a small sample of less than 100 locations, as per our study (see Worton 1995; Seaman and Powell 1996; Seaman et al. 1999).”
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“Here, we defined the 95 % kernel isopleths as “ individual home ranges ” using data sets with more than 30 fixes to estimate home range sizes (Seaman et al. 1999 ).”
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“A minimum sample size of 30 locations is suggested for home range analyses (Seaman et al. 1999).”
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“A mean of 77 fixes were obtained for each individual (± 4 se, range 58–110), which is above the 40 fixes recommended for unbiased estimates of home-240 range size (Seaman et al., 1999).”
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“Although only winter home ranges were calculated in this study, the number of locations recorded for each individual was within the minimum number of points recommended for estimating AK home range (Seaman et al., 1999).”
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“All fixed kernel analyses were undertaken using least-squares cross-validation as a smoothing parameter (Worton 1989; Seaman et al. 1999).”
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“In order to estimate home ranges, we collected at least 30 locations for each animal (Seaman et al. 1999).”
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“For eight birds we were able to record a total of ≥ 50 fixes per bird enabling us to calculate an accurate kernel home range (Seaman et al. 1999).”
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“Home ranges were quantified by collecting a minimum of 50 (Seaman et al. 1999) locations with a Garmin 72 or 76 handheld global positioning system (GPS) (Olathe, KS, USA).”
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“This is within the sample size of 30–50 recommended by Seaman et al. (1999) for complete home range estimates using kernel analysis (also see Otis and White 1999).”
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Home range size and resource use by swift foxes in northeastern Montana
Butler, A. R., Bly, K. L. S., Harris, H., Inman, R., Moehrenschlager, A., Schwalm, D., & Jachowski, D. (2020) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyaa030 · Cited by 11
Azevedo, F., Mähler, J. K. F. J., Indrusiak, C., Scognamillo, D. G., Conforti, V., Morato, R., Cavalcanti, S., Ferraz, K., & Crawshaw, P. G. J. (2019) · Mammal Research · doi:10.1007/s13364-019-00430-9 · Cited by 11
Estimated mink home ranges using various home-range estimators
Halbrook, R., & Petach, M. (2018) · Wildlife Society bulletin · doi:10.1002/wsb.924 · Cited by 11
Jha, R., Thakuri, J. J., Rahmani, A., Dhakal, M., Khongsai, N., Pradhan, N., Shinde, N., Chauhan, B. K., Talegaonkar, R. K., Barber, I. P., et al. (2018) · Journal of Ornithology · doi:10.1007/s10336-018-1552-1 · Cited by 11
“However, for further home range analyses, only those individuals that had at least 50 high-accuracy locations in the given period of interest were included to provide reliable estimates (Seaman et al. 1999).”
Home range use and survival of southern flying squirrels in fragmented forest landscapes
Jacques, C. N., Zweep, J. S., Jenkins, S. E., & Klaver, R. W. (2017) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyx089 · Cited by 11
“Kernel estimators are nonparametric and thus are not dependent on assumptions concerning underlying probability distributions (Seaman et al. 1999).”
BackgroundMethodOff‐highway vehicle road networks and kit fox space use
Jones, A., Anderson, J., Dickson, B., Boe, S., & Rubin, E. (2017) · doi:10.1002/jwmg.21204 · Cited by 11
“We estimated space use for each fox with 30 GPS locations (Seaman et al. 1999) in eachwinter and summer season using a utilization distribution (UD; Van Winkle 1975).”
MethodPhillips, S. S. (2016) · doi:10.1071/am15006 · Cited by 11
“While the number of fixes required to best estimate the home range varies between species (Seaman et al. 1999), a minimum of 20–30 independent loci for each of the pre- and post-festival periods (i.e. a minimum total of 40–60 independent fixes per animal) was considered adequate to identify the…”
BackgroundSpace Use by Swainson’s Hawk ( Buteo swainsoni ) in the Natomas Basin, California
Fleishman, E., Anderson, J., Dickson, B., Krolick, D., Estep, J. A., Anderson, R., Elphick, C., Dobkin, D., & Bell, D. (2016) · doi:10.1525/collabra.35 · Cited by 11
Sterrett, S. C., Kaeser, A., Katz, R., Smith, L. L., Brock, J. C., & Maerz, J. (2015) · Copeia · doi:10.1643/ch-13-162 · Cited by 11
“We used 14 turtles that were relocated an average of 32611 times over 303642 days from 5 July 2007– 23 February 2009 to estimate home range because low recaptures (i.e., ,20) can bias estimates of kernel densities (Seaman et al., 1999).”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Seaman, D. E., Millspaugh, J. J., Kernohan, B. J., Brundige, G. C., Raedeke, K. J., & Gitzen, R. A.
- Venue
- The Journal of Wildlife Management
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1999-04
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 739
- ISSN
- 0022-541X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2094014445
- Cited by
- 1,390
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 60 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 81 · 2013: 98 · 2012: 80
- FWCI
- 13.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Wildlife Management (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
- Keywords
- sample size, home range estimation, animal movement, home range size, GPS tracking, spatial autocorrelation
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