Cited by 1,390Wildlife Ecology and ConservationAnimal Ecology and Behavior StudiesRangeland and Wildlife Management

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Effects of Sample Size on Kernel Home Range Estimates

Seaman, D. Erran, Millspaugh, Joshua J., Kernohan, Brian J., Brundige, Gary C., Raedeke, Kenneth J., Gitzen, Robert A.·1999·The Journal of Wildlife Management

DOI 10.2307/3802664

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Abstract

D. Erran Seaman, Joshua J. Millspaugh, Brian J. Kernohan, Gary C. Brundige, Kenneth J. Raedeke, Robert A. Gitzen, Effects of Sample Size on Kernel Home Range Estimates, The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 63, No. 2 (Apr., 1999), pp. 739-747

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Regression based circular error probable: An application to ballistic systems
Zimmer, Z., & Turner, C. (2017) · doi:10.1080/23737484.2017.1406317 · Cited by 1
Habitat use by Abert's squirrels (Sciurus aberti) in managed forests
Yarborough, R., Gist, J. A., Loberger, C. D., & Rosenstock, S. (2015) · doi:10.1894/jkf-49.1 · Cited by 1
“…Home Range Tool adapted from ArcView 3.3 Home Range Extension (Rogers and Carr, 1998) with a least-squares cross-validation smoothing parameter (Worton, 1995; Seaman and Powell, 1996; Seaman et al., 1999) for six squirrels that were tracked in 2005, 2006, and 2007 at the Mountainaire study site.”
MethodInfluential
Population estimation methods, home range and habitat use for wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) at Cressbrook Dam, south-eastern Queensland
Amos, M. (2015) · doi:10.14264/uql.2015.378 · Cited by 1
Home Range Shift and Dispersal of Red Deer: Implications for Establishing Nature Reserve Networks in China
Bao, W., Zhou, X.-W., Zhang, S.-L., & Shi, K. (2014) · Advanced materials research · doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.2600 · Cited by 1
PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF AUTOMATED PROJECT PERFORMANCE INDICATORS' MEASUREMENT
Navon, R. (2006) · doi:10.22260/isarc2006/0077 · Cited by 1
“The problem with it, on the other hand, is that the calculated area includes the entire area encompassing all the measured locations [9], which means that even areas where work was not performed, are included.”
Background
Home range and movement patterns of the Redlip Parrotfish (Scarus rubroviolaceus) in Hawaii
Howard, K., Claisse, J., Clark, T., Boyle, K. S., & Parrish, J. (2013) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/s00227-013-2211-y
“This is consistent with the recommendation of[50 location points per home range by Seaman et al. (1999). Twenty-one (13 TP and 8 IP) individuals were consistently tracked and had met the minimum sample size determined in the study.”
Result
Safety or satiety? Spatiotemporal behaviour of a threatened herbivore
Mori, E., Lovari, S., Cozzi, F., Gabbrielli, C., Giari, C., Torniai, L., Romeo, G., Ferretti, F., & Fattorini, N. (2020) · Mammalian Biology · doi:10.1007/s42991-020-00013-1
The influence of reproductive status on home range size and spatial dynamics of female Amur tigers
Klevtcova, A. V., Miquelle, D., Seryodkin, I., Bragina, E. V., Soutyrina, S. V., & Goodrich, J. (2021) · Mammal Research · doi:10.1007/s13364-020-00547-2
Movement Patterns and Home Range Size of Cape Cobras (Naja nivea) in the Kalahari, South Africa
Scholtz, K. J., Alexander, G. J., Beck, T., Maritz, R., Briner, J., & Maritz, B. (2026) · Journal of Herpetology · doi:10.1670/3119568
Consistent individual differences in foraging movement tactics drive habitat partitioning in an inland-breeding Great Cormorant population
Preiszner, B., Szinai, P., & Kovács, G. (2026) · Movement Ecology · doi:10.1186/s40462-026-00682-6
“This conservative threshold accounts for temporal autocorrelation in GPS data and ensures stable utilization distribution estimates [27].”
Effects of density and kinship on the spatial organization of an asocial ground squirrel
Aliperti, J. R., Wells, C., & Vuren, D. V. (2026) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyag057
Identifying Shark and Ray Bycatch Hotspots in Sabah, Malaysia
Ho, K., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. M., Khalid, L., Phu, J. L., Chang, B. A., & Pilcher, N. (2026) · Ecologies · doi:10.3390/ecologies7030065
“…on ETP species, with specific hotspot maps developed for Carcharhinus tjutjot and Rhizoprionodon acutus , as well as for the genus Sphyrna (Section 3.3.1), as the number of capture events for these species or genera exceeded 30 (deemed the minimum required for a robust kernel density analysis [31].”
Influential
Quantifying movements and home ranges of an estuarine turtle: the effects of urbanization and boundaries
Hough, K., Sclafani, M., & Burke, R. (2026) · BMC Zoology · doi:10.1186/s40850-026-00273-3
“Increasing the number of fixes used to estimate home range can increase home range accuracy [46, 47, 86–88].”
Spatial distribution of prey captures by Boreal owl (Aegolius funereus) males providing for nestlings: importance of forest productivity
Sørås, R., & Sonerud, G. (2026) · Zeitschrift f\ ur Jagdwissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s10344-026-02097-5
“Sample size was > 50 for each owl, and therefore considered sufficient to estimate kernel home ranges (Seaman et al. 1999).”
RFID system improves post‐release monitoring of three difficult‐to‐monitor threatened species in conservation translocations
Williams-Kelly, K. S., Anderson, B., Ross, R., Rayner, K., Cowen, S., & Robert, K. A. (2026) · Ecological Solutions and Evidence · doi:10.1002/2688-8319.70240
Home Range, Seasonality, and the Importance of Canopy Cover for Texas Tortoises (Gopherus berlandieri)
Guerra, D. A., Esque, T. C., Davis, D. R., & Veech, J. A. (2025) · Herpetologica · doi:10.1655/herpetologica-d-24-00045
Movement patterns, roosting sites and diet composition during the breeding season of three different forest-dwelling owl species in an area of sympatry: a case study of male home ranges
Sovadinová, S., Hertl, I., Körber, A., Peške, L., Obuch, J., & Kouba, M. (2025) · Raptor Journal · doi:10.2478/srj-2025-0003
Home Range Analysis of Teratoscincus roborowskii in the Turpan Basin, Northwestern China: Insights from VHF Tagging Technology
Jing, W., Yan, H., Ma, X.-J., & Xu, F. (2025) · Acta Herpetologica · doi:10.36253/a_h-16715
Home Range Analysis of the Black-Wood Pigeon (Columba janthina) Inhabiting Ulleung Island1a
Lim, E.-H., Kim, D., & Bae, Y. (2025) · Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology · doi:10.13047/kjee.2025.39.1.46
Analysis of the Home Range of Black-tailed Gulls (Larus crassirostris) Inhabiting the East Sea1a
Lim, E.-H., Kim, D., & Bae, Y. (2025) · Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology · doi:10.13047/kjee.2025.39.1.64
Predicted distribution of curl-leaf mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius) in the Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area
Kissell, R., Tercek, M. T., Thoma, D., & Legg, K. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0317146
Investigating Differential Range-Wide and Patch-Level Winter-Habitat Use for Ipswich Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis princeps)
Hines, C., Duval, L., Watts, B. D., Smith, F., Hulslander, B., Jardine, R. J., & Whitear, A. K. (2025) · Northeastern Naturalist · doi:10.1656/045.031.0410
Dancing around a fire: unveiling the territorial strategy of ochre-breasted pipits Anthus nattereri, with insights on their habitat use
Lombardi, V., de Meireles, R. C., & Lopes, L. E. (2025) · Ornithology Research · doi:10.1007/s43388-024-00222-z
“Despite studies commonly reporting the use of the 95% isopleth with Kernel to infer territory size (Barg et al. 2005; Laver and Kelly 2008), there is often limited support for adopting such an isopleth (Seaman et al. 1999; Börger et al. 2006).”
Characterization of male courtship home ranges and short-distance migration corridor in a remnant MacQueen's Bustard population
Gidron, O., Shochat, E., Gur, E., & Ovadia, O. (2025) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03449
Advancing spatial analysis of invasive species movement data to improve monitoring, control programs and decision making: feral cat home range as a case study
Wilson, C., Gentle, M., & Fancourt, B. (2024) · Pacific Conservation Biology · doi:10.1071/pc24031
Development of a Web Application Algorithm for the Analysis and Visualization of Marine Animal Home Range Using R Shiny
Han, J.-R., Kim, T. H., Choi, H.-W., & Han, H.-G. (2024) · Journal of Coastal Research · doi:10.2112/jcr-si116-051.1
“KDE is used to estimate spatial density distribution based on location data (Seaman, et al ., 1999).”
Method
Post-release ecology of rehabilitated Hoffmann’s two-toed sloths in Panamá
Morton, C., Nielsen, C., Carver, A., Correa, N., & Yanguez, Y. S. (2023) · Tropical Zoology · doi:10.4081/tz.2023.118
Are trapping data still suited for home range estimation? An analysis with various estimators, asymptotic models and data ordering procedures
Socias-Martínez, L., Peckre, L. R., & Noonan, M. (2022) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.03.15.484432
Modelling Place Visit Probability Sequences during Trajectory Data Gaps Based on Movement History
Ren, C., Tang, L.-L., Long, J., Kan, Z.-H., & Yang, X. (2021) · ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf. · doi:10.3390/ijgi10070456
Designing Timber Harvesting to Enhance New Zealand Falcon Populations
Horikoshi, C., Battley, P., & Minot, E. (2021) · doi:10.1002/jwmg.22013
Decision letter for "Migration patterns and wintering distribution of common loons breeding in the Upper Midwest"
Meyer, & Kratt (2020) · doi:10.1111/jav.02609/v3/decision1
A simple graph theoretic method provides accurate range area estimates
Alroy, J. (2020) · doi:10.22541/au.160166537.70758975
“5B) is still a very low ﬁgure because it has long been recommended that at least 50 data points should be used to ﬁx home ranges (Seaman et al. 1999).”
CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR. Conservation of Greater Sage-Grouse: A SYNTHESIS OF CURRENT TRENDS AND FUTURE MANAGEMENT
Connelly, J., Knick, S., Braun, C., Baker, W. L., Beever, E., Christiansen, T., Doherty, K., Garton, E. O., Hanser, S., Johnson, D. H., et al. (2019) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520948686-028
Winter activity patterns of the North American badger (Taxidea taxus) at its northwestern periphery
Symes, S., Klafki, R., Packham, R., & Larsen, K. (2019) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyz171

Authors: Seaman, D. E., Millspaugh, J. J., Kernohan, B. J., Brundige, G. C., Raedeke, K. J., & Gitzen, R. A.
ORCID: Millspaugh, Joshua J.
Gitzen, Robert A.
Venue: The Journal of Wildlife Management
Publisher: JSTOR
Published: 1999-04
Volume: 63
Issue: 2
Pages: 739
ISSN: 0022-541X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2307/3802664
OpenAlex: W2094014445
Cited by: 1,390
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 60 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 81 · 2013: 98 · 2012: 80
FWCI: 13.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Wildlife Management (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
Keywords: sample size, home range estimation, animal movement, home range size, GPS tracking, spatial autocorrelation

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Effects of Sample Size on Kernel Home Range Estimates

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