Cited by 221Music Therapy and HealthStress Responses and CortisolDiverse Music Education Insights

Choral singing, performance perception, and immune system changes in salivary immunoglobulin A and cortisol

Open access
Beck, R. J., Cesario, T. C., Yousefi, A., Enamoto, H.·2000·Music Perception

Abstract

In a naturalistic pre-post design, samples of saliva were collected from the members of a professional chorale during an early rehearsal (n = 31), a late rehearsal (n = 34) and a public performance (n = 32) of Beethoven's Missa Solemnis. As measures of immune system response, mean levels of secretory immunoglobulin A increased significantly, as a proportion of whole protein, 150% during rehearsals and 240% during the performance. Cortisol concentrations decreased significantly an average of 30% during rehearsals and increased 37% during performance. As measured through performance perception rating scales, a group of emotions and other experiential states that singers associated with professional singing were highly predictive of changes in level of secretory immunoglobulin A during the performance condition, but the results for the rehearsal conditions were not significant. The best multiple regression model for performance level of immunoglobulin A (p < .0015) included seven emotional, cognitive, and evaluative variables generally associated with choral singing, including levels of mood before and during singing, stress, relaxation, feeling "high," detachment/engagement, and specific satisfaction with the immediate performance.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2307/40285902

Cites

24 of 24 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 26 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Carayannopoulos, L., & Capra, J. D. (1993). Immunoglobulins: Structure and fu nction. In W. E. Paul (Ed.), Fundamental immunology (pp. 283-314). New York: Raven.
  2. In C. Kirschba um, G. F. Read, & D. H. Hellhammer (Eds.), Assessment of hormones and drugs in saliva in biobehavioral research (pp. 147-162). Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber.
  3. Muller, M., Budde, A., & Netter, P. (1992). The influence of need for achievement and type and controllability of the stressor on responses of saliva cortisol. In C. Kirschbaum, G. F. Read, & D. H. Hellhammer (Eds.), Assessment of hormones and drugs in saliva in biobehavioral research (pp. 175-202). Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber.
  4. Snapper, C. M., & Finkelman, F. D. (1993). Immunoglobulin class switchi ng. In W. E. Paul (Ed.), Fundamental immunology (pp. 837-863). New York: Raven.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Beck, R. J., Cesario, T. C., Yousefi, A., & Enamoto, H.
Affiliations
University of California, Irvine (US)
Venue
Music Perception
Published
2000
Volume
18
Issue
1
Pages
87-106
ISSN
0730-7829 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2072211705
Cited by
221
References
26
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 11
FWCI
1.73
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Music Perception An Interdisciplinary Journal (publishedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Music Therapy and Health
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Music › Diverse Music Education Insights
Keywords
choral singing, performance perception, salivary IgA, cortisol, immune response, stress and relaxation, performance satisfaction

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review