The Great Alignment: Race, Party Transformation, and the Rise of Donald Trump

United States: Racial Resentment, Negative Partisanship, and Polarization in Trump’s America

Abramowitz, A. I., & McCoy, J. (2018) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716218811309 · Cited by 361 · see citing works

Cross-Country Trends in Affective Polarization

Boxell, L., Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. M. (2024) · Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_01160 · Cited by 457 · see citing works

Is Deliberation an Antidote to Extreme Partisan Polarization? Reflections on “America in One Room”

Fishkin, J. S., Siu, A., Diamond, L. J., & Bradburn, N. M. (2021) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055421000642 · Cited by 277 · see citing works

Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts

Jost, J. T., Baldassarri, D. S., & Druckman, J. N. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00093-5 · Cited by 276 · see citing works

Identity, beliefs, and political conflict

Bonomi, G., Gennaioli, N., & Tabellini, G. (2021) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjab034 · Cited by 213 · see citing works

Climate change and right-wing populism in the United States

Fiorino, D. J. (2022) · Environmental Politics · doi:10.1080/09644016.2021.2018854 · Cited by 94 · see citing works

Partisanship, White Racial Resentment, and State Support for Higher Education

Taylor, B. J., Cantwell, B., Watts, K., & Wood, O. (2020) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/00221546.2019.1706016 · Cited by 60 · see citing works

Public acceptance of evolution in the United States, 1985–2020

Miller, J. D., Scott, E. C., Ackerman, M. S., Laspra, B., Branch, G., Polino, C., & Huffaker, J. S. (2021) · Public Understanding of Science · doi:10.1177/09636625211035919 · Cited by 81 · see citing works

What Goes with Red and Blue? Mapping Partisan and Ideological Associations in the Minds of Voters

Goggin, S. N., Henderson, J. A., & Theodoridis, A. G. (2019) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-018-09525-6 · Cited by 70 · see citing works

Asymmetry of Partisan Media Effects?: Examining the Reinforcing Process of Conservative and Liberal Media with Political Beliefs

Hmielowski, J. D., Hutchens, M. J., & Beam, M. A. (2020) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2020.1763525 · Cited by 70 · see citing works

Good anthropology in dark times: Critical appraisal and ethnographic application

Knauft, B. M. (2018) · The Australian Journal of Anthropology · doi:10.1111/taja.12300 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

Sequential Polarization: The Development of the Rural-Urban Political Divide, 1976–2020

Brown, T. E., & Mettler, S. B. (2023) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592723002918 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

Inflammatory Political Campaigns and Racial Bias in Policing

Grosjean, P. A., Masera, F., & Yousaf, H. (2022) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjac037 · Cited by 56 · see citing works

White identity politics: linked fate and political participation

Berry, J., EBNER, D. B., & Cornelius, M. (2019) · Politics Groups and Identities · doi:10.1080/21565503.2019.1615965 · Cited by 54 · see citing works

Income Inequality and Global Political Polarization: The Economic Origin of Political Polarization in the World

Gu, Y., & Wang, Z. (2021) · Journal of Chinese Political Science · doi:10.1007/s11366-021-09772-1 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

How Conservatives Lost Confidence in Science: The Role of Ideological Alignment in Political Polarization

Kozlowski, A. C. (2021) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soab020 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

Life, Literacy, and the Pursuit of Prosperity: Party Competition and Policy Outcomes in 50 States

Gamm, G., & Kousser, T. (2021) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055421000617 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Strange Bedfellows: The Alliance Theory of Political Belief Systems

Pinsof, D., Sears, D. O., & Haselton, M. G. (2023) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2023.2274433 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

Polarization, Partisan Sorting, and the Politics of Education

Houston, D. M. (2024) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312241228280 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

The Berkeley Tanner Lectures

Beitz, C. R. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197780466.002.0002 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

When Rural and Urban Become “Us” versus “Them”: How a Growing Divide is Reshaping American Politics

Brown, T. E., Mettler, S. B., & Puzzi, S. (2021) · The Forum · doi:10.1515/for-2021-2029 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Did Covid‐19 Kill Trump Politically? The Pandemic and Voting in the 2020 Presidential Election

Clarke, H. D., Stewart, M. C., & Ho, K. (2021) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.12992 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Polarized we trade? Intraparty polarization and US trade policy

Friedrichs, G. M. (2021) · International Politics · doi:10.1057/s41311-021-00344-x · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Dangerously Divided

Hajnal, Z. L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108765039 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Listening During Political Conversations: Traits and Situations

Eveland, W. P., Coduto, K. D., Appiah, O., & Bullock, O. M. (2020) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2020.1736701 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Feminist and Anti-Feminist Identification in the 21st Century United States

Elder, L., Greene, S., & Lizotte, M. (2021) · Journal of Women Politics & Policy · doi:10.1080/1554477x.2021.1929607 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

In Pursuit of Racial Equality: Identifying the Determinants of Support for the Black Lives Matter Movement with a Systematic Review and Multiple Meta-Analyses

Azevedo, F., Marques, T., & Micheli, L. R. (2022) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592722001098 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

The Political Polarization of U.S. FirmsPreprint

Fos, V., Kempf, E., & Tsoutsoura, M. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3784969 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Why We Love Michelle: Understanding Public Support for First Lady Michelle Obama

Elder, L., & Frederick, B. (2019) · Politics & Gender · doi:10.1017/s1743923x19000436 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Why we can’t talk openly about race: The impact of race and partisanship on respondents’ perceptions of intergroup conversations

Appiah, O., Eveland, W. P., Bullock, O. M., & Coduto, K. D. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430220967978 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Public attitude toward Covid‐19 vaccination: The influence of education, partisanship, biological literacy, and coronavirus understanding

Miller, J. D., Ackerman, M. S., Laspra, B., Polino, C., & Huffaker, J. S. (2022) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202200730 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Survey Nonresponse and Mass Polarization: The Consequences of Declining Contact and Cooperation Rates

Cavari, A., & Freedman, G. (2022) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055422000399 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Self-reported political ideology

Yeung, E. S. F., & Quek, K. (2024) · Political Science Research and Methods · doi:10.1017/psrm.2024.2 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

The new culture wars: Why critical race theory matters more than cancel culture

Kaufmann, E. (2022) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.13156 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Separated by Politics? Disentangling the Dimensions of Discrimination

Theodoridis, A. G., Goggin, S. N., & Deichert, M. (2022) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-022-09809-y · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Donald Trump's impact on the Republican Party

Espinoza, M. (2021) · Policy Studies · doi:10.1080/01442872.2021.1950667 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Unequal Higher Education in the United States: Growing Participation and Shrinking Opportunities

Taylor, B. J., & Cantwell, B. J. (2018) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci7090167 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Xenophobia, Partisanship, and Support for Donald Trump and the Republican Party

Baker, J. O., & Bader, C. D. (2021) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-021-09337-0 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

What Makes Politicians “Religious”? How Identity Congruence Shapes Religious Evaluations

Perry, S. L., & Davis, J. T. (2023) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.1111/jssr.12895 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Schoolhouse Rocked: Pandemic Politics and the Nationalization of School Board Elections

Shah, P. R., Weinschenk, A. C., & Yiannias, Z. (2023) · State Politics & Policy Quarterly · doi:10.1017/spq.2023.28 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

A National Conversation About Race? Political Discussion Across Lines of Racial and Partisan Difference

Eveland, W. P., & Appiah, O. (2019) · The Journal of Race Ethnicity and Politics · doi:10.1017/rep.2019.36 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Partisan Stability During Turbulent Times: Evidence from Three American Panel Surveys

GREEN, D. P., & Platzman, P. (2022) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-022-09825-y · Cited by 20 · see citing works

How Much Is a Trump Endorsement Worth?

Hood, M. V., & McKee, S. C. (2023) · State Politics & Policy Quarterly · doi:10.1017/spq.2023.12 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Continuity and Change in Trust in Scientists in the United States: Demographic Stability and Partisan Polarization

Schulman, J., Druckman, J. N., Safarpour, A., Baum, M. A., Ognyanova, K., Trujillo, K. L., Quintana, A., Qu, H., Uslu, A. A., Perlis, R. H., et al. (2025) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfaf059 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Contexts for Family Talk about Racism: Historical, Dyadic, and Geographic

Eveland, W. P., & Nathanson, A. I. (2020) · Journal of Family Communication · doi:10.1080/15267431.2020.1790563 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Beliefs about the nature of knowledge shape responses to the pandemic: Epistemic beliefs, the Dark Factor of Personality, and COVID‐19–related conspiracy ideation and behavior

Rudloff, J. P., Hutmacher, F., & Appel, M. (2022) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12706 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Economic Populism and Bandwagon Bigotry: Obama-to-Trump Voters and the Cross Pressures of the 2016 Election

Morgan, S. L., & Lee, J. (2019) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/2378023119871119 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

The Political Polarization of Corporate AmericaPreprint

Kempf, E., Fos, V., & Tsoutsoura, M. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4154770 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

“Because for us, as Europeans, it is only normal again when we are great again”: metapolitical whiteness and the normalization of white supremacist discourse in the wake of Trump

Paul, J. (2021) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2021.1922730 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Migration Governance

Geddes, A. (2022) · IMISCOE research series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92377-8_20 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

The Nature of Partisan Conflict in Public Opinion: Asymmetric or Symmetric?

Blanco, M. N. L., Shapiro, R. Y., & Wilke, J. (2020) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x20961022 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Democratic Backsliding and the Balance Wheel Hypothesis: Partisanship and State Funding for Higher Education in the United States

Taylor, B. J., Kunkle, K., & Watts, K. (2022) · Higher Education Policy · doi:10.1057/s41307-022-00286-w · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Controlling the Past to Control the Future: Christian Nationalism and Mandatory Patriotic Education in Public Schools

Perry, S. L., Davis, J. T., & Grubbs, J. B. (2023) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.1111/jssr.12858 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Polarization, partisanship, and pandemic: The relationship between county‐level support for Donald Trump and the spread of Covid‐19 during the spring and summer of 2020

Morris, D. S. M. (2021) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.13053 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Whistle the Racist Dogs: Political Campaigns and Police StopsPreprint

Grosjean, P. A., Masera, F., & Yousaf, H. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3662027 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

The Origins and Consequences of Congressional Party Election Agendas

Meinke, S. R. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009264860 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

The Battle for the Soul of the Nation: Nationalist Polarization in the 2020 American Presidential Election and the Threat to Democracy

Woods, E. T., Fortier-Chouinard, A., Closen, M., Ouellet, C., & Schertzer, R. (2023) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2023.2291150 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Growing Up in a Polarized Party System: Ideological Divergence and Partisan Sorting Across Generations

Jocker, T., van der Brug, W., & Rekker, R. (2024) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-024-09917-x · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Vandenberg Vanished: US Congress and the Politicisation of Military Interventions

Böller, F. (2021) · Parliamentary Affairs · doi:10.1093/pa/gsab023 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Editor’s Introduction: The Promise and Peril of Ranked Choice Voting

Tolbert, C. J., & Kuznetsova, D. (2021) · Politics and Governance · doi:10.17645/pag.v9i2.4385 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

It’s Only You and Me and We Just Disagree: The Ideological Foundations of Affective Polarization

Abramowitz, A. I. (2021) · The Forum · doi:10.1515/for-2021-0019 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Who Feels the Bern? An Analysis of Support for Bernie Sanders in the 2020 Democratic Primary

Altamura, C., & Oliver, B. (2022) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x221112390 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Immigration and the transformation of American society: politics, the economy, and popular culture

Foner, N. (2023) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2023.2236906 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

The Political Dynamics of Partisan Polarization

Schmidt, E. R., Carmines, E. G., & Sniderman, P. M. (2025) · doi:10.1017/9781009472760 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Charting multidimensional ideological polarization across demographic groups in the USA

Ojer, J., Carcamo, D. P., Pastor‐Satorras, R., & Starnini, M. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02251-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Beyond party lines: the roles of compassionate goals, affect heuristic, and risk perception on Americans’ support for coronavirus response measures

Wong, J. C. S., & Yang, J. Z. (2020) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669877.2020.1864012 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Progressive familial socialization and white partisans’ racial attitudes

Thompson, J. (2021) · Politics Groups and Identities · doi:10.1080/21565503.2021.1932529 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Reflections on the Challenges of Writing a (Pre-)History of the “Polarized” Present

Zimmer, T. (2019) · Modern American History · doi:10.1017/mah.2019.32 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

U.S. public diplomacy and sports stars: mobilizing African-American athletes as goodwill ambassadors from the cold war to an uncertain future

Cooper, A. F. (2018) · Place Branding and Public Diplomacy · doi:10.1057/s41254-018-00114-2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

The Accuracy and Value of Voter Validation in National Surveys: Insights from Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Studies

Miller, J. D., Kalmbach, J. A., Woods, L. T., & Cepuran, C. (2020) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912920903432 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Research note: authoritarianism, racial resentment, and attitudes on the Colin Kaepernick protests

Stepp, K. K., & Castle, J. J. (2021) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1080/03623319.2021.1884781 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Partisan media exposure, polarization, and candidate evaluations in the 2016 general election

Morris, D. S. M., & Morris, J. S. (2022) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.13182 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Riot in the party? Voter registrations in the aftermath of the January 6, 2021 capitol insurrection

Loving, S., & Smith, D. A. (2022) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/13540688221147666 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

The Role of Political Elites in Eliciting Mass-Level Political Anger

Webster, S. W. (2021) · The Forum · doi:10.1515/for-2021-0023 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

White Identity and Ethno-Traditional Nationalism in Trump’s America

Kaufmann, E. (2019) · The Forum · doi:10.1515/for-2019-0026 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Polarization and Persuasion: Engaging Sociology in the Moral Universe of a Divided Democracy

Downey, D. J. (2022) · Sociological Perspectives · doi:10.1177/07311214221124443 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Getting the Message: Opinion Polarization over Election Law

Hood, M., & McKee, S. C. (2022) · Election Law Journal · doi:10.1089/elj.2021.0038 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

The fall of Trump: mobilization and vote switching in the 2020 presidential election

Shino, E., McKee, S. C., & Smith, D. A. (2023) · Political Science Research and Methods · doi:10.1017/psrm.2023.40 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

The Bully in the Pulpit

Edwards, G. C. (2020) · Presidential Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/psq.12644 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Trump’s new America and the question of fascism

Kaul, N., & Buzan, B. G. (2026) · The British Journal of Politics and International Relations · doi:10.1177/13691481261418500 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Trump Knows Best: Donald Trump’s Rejection of Expertise and the 2020 Presidential Election

Brewer, M. D. (2020) · Society · doi:10.1007/s12115-020-00544-w · Cited by 6 · see citing works

The Cultural Realignment of State White Electorates in the 21st Century

Highton, B. (2020) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-019-09590-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Civility, gender, and gendered nationalism in the age of Trump

Deckman, M. M. (2020) · Politics Groups and Identities · doi:10.1080/21565503.2020.1842771 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Policies to Influence Perceptions about COVID-19 Risk: The Case of Maps

Engel, C. A., Rodden, J., & Tabellini, M. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abm5106 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Education and the Curious Case of Conservative Compromise

Glaser, J. M., Berry, J. M., & Schildkraut, D. J. (2019) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912919866509 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Partisan schism in America’s newest swing state

Hood, M. M., & McKee, S. C. (2022) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/13540688221112895 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

The Political Polarization of Corporate America ✩Preprint

Fos, V., Kempf, E., & Tsoutsoura, M. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4142685 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Public assessment of the Trump administration’s handling of the Covid pandemic: a case study in lifelong learning

Miller, J. D., Ackerman, M. S., Laspra, B., Polino, C., & Huffaker, J. S. (2022) · International Journal of Lifelong Education · doi:10.1080/02601370.2022.2118381 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

A generation divided: The politics of Generation X

Fisher, P. (2024) · Politics &amp Policy · doi:10.1111/polp.12620 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

The United States as a Plural Society: Towards a Consociational Solution?

Howe, P. J. (2019) · Swiss Political Science Review · doi:10.1111/spsr.12363 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Constitutional Crisis, Norm Derogation, and the Broader Impact of Partisan Polarization in Contemporary American Politics

Oswald, M. T., & Robertson, J. D. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24792-8_1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

The power of the leader: Party approval and institutional trust

Shino, E., Wagner, R. L., Binder, M., & Lerner, A. (2025) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/13540688251322108 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

The Social Roots of Asian American Partisanship

Raychaudhuri, T. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197826560.001.0001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

A House Divided: Donald Trump and the Transformation of American Politics

Cruz, S. C. V. E. (2021) · Contributions to international relations · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87914-3_8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Schooling the parties: the effect of the education realignment on LGBTQ+ party position taking in the US House of Representatives

Kersting, J. B. (2021) · Politics Groups and Identities · doi:10.1080/21565503.2021.1946100 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Prejudice and Tolerance in US Presidential Politics: Evidence from Eight List Experiments in 2008 and 2012

Carmines, E. G., & Schmidt, E. R. (2020) · PS Political Science & Politics · doi:10.1017/s1049096520000876 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Beyond Spatial Models: A New Perspective on American Operational Ideology Using Latent Class Analysis

Wright, G. W., & Volodarsky, S. (2022) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/soin.12517 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

The Political Polarization of Corporate AmericaPreprint

Fos, V., Kempf, E., & Tsoutsoura, M. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4147253 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Interthematic Polarization

Dellsén, F. (2024) · American Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.5406/21521123.61.1.04 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

For the People?

Beitz, C. R. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780197780466.001.0001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

10 The Alignment of the Text

Cott, N. F. (2017) · Yale University Press eBooks · doi:10.12987/9780300162110-017

From Dealignment to Alignment

(2018) · Yale University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctvhrczh3.8

THE GREAT EQUILIBRIUM

(2023) · Yale University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/jj.608331.9

Three. From Dealignment to Alignment

Abramowitz, A. I. (2019) · Yale University Press eBooks · doi:10.12987/9780300235128-006

The Great South

Magris, C. (2019) · Yale University Press eBooks · doi:10.12987/9780300235487-041