Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the glucose dependency of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) effects on insulin and glucagon release in 10 healthy male subjects ([means ± SEM] aged 23 ± 1 years, BMI 23 ± 1 kg/m2, and HbA1c 5.5 ± 0.1%). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Saline or physiological doses of GIP were administered intravenously (randomized and double blinded) during 90 min of insulin-induced hypoglycemia, euglycemia, or hyperglycemia. RESULTS: During hypoglycemia, GIP infusion caused greater glucagon responses during the first 30 min compared with saline (76 ± 17 vs. 28 ± 16 pmol/L per 30 min, P < 0.008), with similar peak levels of glucagon reached after 60 min. During euglycemia, GIP infusion elicited larger glucagon responses (62 ± 18 vs. −11 ± 8 pmol/L per 90 min, P < 0.005). During hyperglycemia, comparable suppression of plasma glucagon (−461 ± 81 vs. −371 ± 50 pmol/L per 90 min, P = 0.26) was observed with GIP and saline infusions. In addition, during hyperglycemia, GIP more than doubled the insulin secretion rate (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In healthy subjects, GIP has no effect on glucagon responses during hyperglycemia while strongly potentiating insulin secretion. In contrast, GIP increases glucagon levels during fasting and hypoglycemic conditions, where it has little or no effect on insulin secretion. Thus, GIP seems to be a physiological bifunctional blood glucose stabilizer with diverging glucose-dependent effects on the two main pancreatic glucoregulatory hormones.
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Recent studies indicate that agonism of the GIP receptor is important for maximal stimulation of insulin secretion from human pancreatic β cells.
“Consistent with these clinical observations, recent studies indicate that agonism of the GIP receptor is important for maximal stimulation of insulin secretion from human pancreatic β cells (20, 21).”
From Tirzepatide Improved Markers of Islet Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in People With T2D (SURPASS-2) (2024) · cites this paper as [21]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that GIP robustly potentiates glucose-induced insulin secretion during hyperglycemia, supporting a role in stimulating insulin secretion in humans. It does not establish that GIP-receptor agonism is necessary for maximal stimulation, and its findings are in healthy subjects under specific glycemic conditions. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Christensen, M., Vedtofte, L., Holst, J. J., Vilsbøll, T., & Knop, F. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Gentofte Hospital (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Christensen, Mikkel
- Venue
- Diabetes
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2011-11-13
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3103-3109
- ISSN
- 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-327X
- PMC
- PMC3219957
- OpenAlex
- W2414002317
- Cited by
- 353
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 15.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Diabetes (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Novo Nordisk Fonden
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon secretion, insulin secretion, glucose dependence, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, normoglycemia, pancreatic hormone regulation, glucose homeostasis
- MeSH terms
- Insulin Secretion, Adult, Blood Glucose, Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide, Glucagon, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Hypoglycemia, Injections, Intraventricular, Insulin, Male, Young Adult
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