Effect of intensive diabetes therapy on the progression of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes: 18 years of follow-up in the DCCT/EDIC
Open accessAbstract
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) demonstrated that a mean of 6.5 years of intensive therapy aimed at near-normal glucose levels reduced the risk of development and progression of retinopathy by as much as 76% compared with conventional therapy. The Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications study (EDIC) observational follow-up showed that the risk of further progression of retinopathy 4 years after the DCCT ended was also greatly reduced in the former intensive group, despite nearly equivalent levels of HbA1c, a phenomenon termed metabolic memory. Metabolic memory was shown to persist through 10 years of follow-up. We now describe the risk of further progression of retinopathy, progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy, clinically significant macular edema, and the need for intervention (photocoagulation or anti-VEGF) over 18 years of follow-up in EDIC. The cumulative incidence of each retinal outcome continues to be lower in the former intensive group. However, the year-to-year incidence of these outcomes is now similar, owing in large part to a reduction in risk in the former conventional treatment group.
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Both DCCT/EDIC and UKPDS suggested that there is metabolic memory, or a legacy effect, in which a finite period of intensive glucose lowering yielded benefits that extended for decades after that period ended.
“Both DCCT/EDIC and UKPDS suggested that there is metabolic memory, or a legacy effect, in which a finite period of intensive glucose lowering yielded benefits that extended for decades after that period ended (44-48).”
From 6. Glycemic Goals, Hypoglycemia, and Hyperglycemic Crises: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026. (2026) · cites this paper as [45]
The Discussion reports that 6.5 years of intensive therapy during DCCT produced a sustained reduction in cumulative retinopathy progression through up to 18 years of EDIC follow-up, consistent with metabolic memory. It does not establish benefits lasting for multiple decades after treatment ended; it also says the risk reduction diminished during years 10–18. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFollow-up of the DCCT cohorts in the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study demonstrated persistence of microvascular benefits over two decades despite the fact that the glycemic separation between the treatment groups diminished and disappeared during follow-up.
“Follow-up of the DCCT cohorts in the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study (44,45) demonstrated persistence of these microvascular benefits over two decades despite the fact that the glycemic separation between the treatment groups diminished and disappeared during follow-up.”
From 6. Glycemic Goals, Hypoglycemia, and Hyperglycemic Crises: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026. (2026) · cites this paper as [45]
Follow-up of the DCCT cohorts in the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study demonstrated persistence of these microvascular benefits over two decades despite the fact that the glycemic separation between the treatment groups diminished and disappeared during follow-up.
“Follow-up of the DCCT cohorts in the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study (42,43) demonstrated persistence of these microvascular benefits over two decades despite the fact that the glycemic separation between the treatment groups diminished and disappeared during follow-up.”
From 6. Glycemic Targets: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [42]
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Mateo‐Gállego, R., Madinaveitia‐Nisarre, L., Giné-González, J., Bea, A. M., Guerra-Torrecilla, L., Baila-Rueda, L., Pérez‐Calahorra, S., Civeira, F., & Lamíquiz-Moneo, I. (2022) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109979 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Romero‐Aroca, P., Valls, A., Moreno, A., Sagarra-Alamo, R., Basora, J., Saleh, E., Baget‐Bernaldiz, M., & Puig, D. (2018) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2017.0282 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Connecting the Dots: Validation of Time in Range Metrics With Microvascular Outcomes
Hirsch, I. B., Sherr, J. L., & Hood, K. K. (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci18-0040 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Melo, L. G. N., Morales, P. H., Drummond, K. R. G., Santos, D. C., Pizarro, M., Barros, B. S. V., Mattos, T. C. L., Pinheiro, A. A., Mallmann, F., Leal, F. S. L., et al. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5859-x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Jenkins, A. J., Grant, M. B., & Busik, J. V. (2022) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-022-05655-z · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Anderzén, J., Samuelsson, U., Guðbjörnsdóttir, S., Hanberger, L., & Åkesson, K. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.12.004 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Role of Systemic Risk Factors in Diabetic Retinopathy
Atchison, E. A., & Barkmeier, A. J. (2016) · Current Ophthalmology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40135-016-0098-8 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
DNA methylation age calculators reveal association with diabetic neuropathy in type 1 diabetes
Roshandel, D., Chen, Z., Canty, A. J., Bull, S. B., Natarajan, R. D., & Paterson, A. D. (2020) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-020-00840-6 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Dobson, R., Whittaker, R., Dale, L. P., & Maddison, R. (2017) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/2055207617740315 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Hyperglycaemic memory affects the neurovascular unit of the retina in a diabetic mouse model
Friedrichs, P., Schlotterer, A., Sticht, C., Kolibabka, M., Wohlfart, P., Dietrich, A., Linn, T., Molema, G., & Hammes, H. (2017) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-017-4254-y · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Sex-Gender Differences in Diabetic Retinopathy
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Bioactive lipids and pathological retinal angiogenesis
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Ocular Adverse Events With Semaglutide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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MicroRNA and Diabetic Complications: A Clinical Perspective
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New Therapeutic Approaches in Diabetic Retinopathy
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Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Diabetic Microvascular Complications: Friends or Foes?
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Hyperreflective Dots on OCT as a Predictor of Treatment Outcome in Diabetic Macular Edema
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Kowluru, R. A., & Alka, K. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24098076 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Bone Microarchitecture in Type 1 Diabetes: It Is Complicated
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Challenges in the diagnosis of diabetes type in pediatrics
Siller, A. F., Tosur, M., Relan, S., Astudillo, M., McKay, S. V., Dabelea, D., & REDONDO, M. J. (2020) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.13070 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
- Authors
- The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) Research Group
- Corresponding author
- The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) Research Group
- Venue
- Diabetes
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2014-09-09
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 631-642
- ISSN
- 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-327X
- PMC
- PMC4303965
- OpenAlex
- W2173163930
- Cited by
- 333
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 27
- FWCI
- 26.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Diabetes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000142)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (U01DK094176, P30DK092950)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- diabetic retinopathy, type 1 diabetes, tight glycemic control, metabolic memory, retinopathy progression, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, clinically significant macular edema, photocoagulation, anti-VEGF therapy, long-term follow-up, DCCT/EDIC
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aging, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetic Retinopathy, Drug Administration Schedule, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Young Adult
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