The DOI matches its Crossref record; 79 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of Different Modes of Exercise Training on Glucose Control and Risk Factors for Complications in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE—We sought to meta-analyze the effects of different modes of exercise training on measures of glucose control and other risk factors for complications of diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The 27 qualifying studies were controlled trials providing, for each measure, 4–18 estimates for the effect of aerobic training, 2–7 for resistance training, and 1–5 for combined training, with 1,003 type 2 diabetic patients (age 55 ± 7 years [mean ± between-study SD]) over 5–104 weeks. The meta-analytic mixed model included main-effect covariates to control for between-study differences in disease severity, sex, total training time, training intensity, and dietary cointervention (13 studies). To interpret magnitudes, effects were standardized after meta-analysis using composite baseline between-subject SD. RESULTS—Differences among the effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined training on HbA1c (A1C) were trivial; for training lasting ≥12 weeks, the overall effect was a small beneficial reduction (A1C 0.8 ± 0.3% [mean ± 90% confidence limit]). There were generally small to moderate benefits for other measures of glucose control. For other risk factors, there were either small benefits or effects were trivial or unclear, although combined training was generally superior to aerobic and resistance training. Effects of covariates were generally trivial or unclear, but there were small additional benefits of exercise on glucose control with increased disease severity. CONCLUSIONS—All forms of exercise training produce small benefits in the main measure of glucose control: A1C. The effects are similar to those of dietary, drug, and insulin treatments. The clinical importance of combining these treatments needs further research.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition to improving BG control, exercise has been shown to reduce CV risk factors, contribute to weight loss, and improve sense of well-being.943,946–948”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [948]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Moderate to high volumes of aerobic activity are associated with substantially lower CV and overall mortality risks in both T1D and T2D.948,949”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [948]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Aerobic and resistance exercise have been well studied and are known to improve glycemic control in patients with T2DM.”
From The Impact of Physical Activity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2025) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Regular aerobic exercise in patients with T2DM has been shown to improve A1c, blood pressure, triglyceride levels, and decrease insulin resistance.”
From The Impact of Physical Activity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2025) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have shown fewer daily episodes of hyperglycemia and a reduction in A1c by .3-.7% with aerobic training.”
From The Impact of Physical Activity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2025) · cites this paper as [29]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Turner, R. C., Fox, C., Matthews, McElroy, H. H., Cull, C. A., Holman, R. R., Neil, P., Hadden, D. R., Wright, D., Manley, E., et al. (1998) · The Lancet · Cited by 8,419
Haffner, S. M., Lehto, S., Rönnemaa, T., Pyörälä, K., & Laakso, M. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199807233390404 · Cited by 7,000
Stamler, J., Vaccaro, O., Neaton, J. D., Wentworth, D., & The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group (1993) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.16.2.434 · Cited by 4,063
Making Meaningful Inferences About Magnitudes
Batterham, A. M., & Hopkins, W. G. (2006) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.1.1.50 · Cited by 2,186
Self-citationBoulé, N. G., Haddad, E., Kenny, G. P., Wells, G. A., & Sigal, R. J. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.10.1218 · Cited by 1,889
Meta-analysis: glycosylated hemoglobin and cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus
Selvin, E., Marinopoulos, S., Berkenblit, G., Rami, T., Brancati, F. L., Powe, N. R., & Golden, S. H. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-6-200409210-00007 · Cited by 1,657
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Yang M: A Review of Random Effects Modelling in SAS (Release 8.2). London, Centre for Multilevel Modelling, 2003
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cosentino, F., Grant, P. J., Aboyans, V., Bailey, C. J., Ceriello, A., Delgado, V., Federici, M., Filippatos, G., Grobbee, D. E., Hansen, T. B., et al. (2020) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz486 · Cited by 4,763
Arnett, D. K., Blumenthal, R. S., Albert, M. A., Buroker, A. B., Goldberger, Z. D., Hahn, E. J., Himmelfarb, C. D., Khera, A., Lloyd-Jones, D., McEvoy, J. W., et al. (2019) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000678 · Cited by 4,536
(2019) · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000677 · Cited by 4,501
Exercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases
Pedersen, B. K., & Saltin, B. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12581 · Cited by 3,514
Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association
Colberg, S. R., Sigal, R. J., Yardley, J. E., Riddell, M. C., Dunstan, D. W., Dempsey, P. C., Horton, E. S., Castorino, K., & Tate, D. F. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-1728 · Cited by 2,991
Metadata
- Authors
- Snowling, N. J., & Hopkins, W. G.
- Affiliations
- Auckland University of Technology (NZ)
- ORCID
- Hopkins, Will G.
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2006-11-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2518-2527
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W2170920749
- Cited by
- 813
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 3.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, exercise training, aerobic exercise, resistance training, concurrent training, glycemic control, HbA1c, diabetes complications, disease severity
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Risk Factors, Exercise, Diabetes Complications
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
