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Prevalence of Pre-Diabetes and Its Association With Clustering of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Hyperinsulinemia Among U.S. Adolescents
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE—Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) are considered to constitute “pre-diabetes.” We estimated the prevalence of IFG, IGT, and pre-diabetes among U.S. adolescents using data from a nationally representative sample. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We analyzed data from participants aged 12–19 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006. We used fasting plasma glucose and 2-h glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test to assess the prevalence of IFG, IGT, and pre-diabetes and used the log-binomial model to estimate the prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% CIs. RESULTS—The unadjusted prevalences of IFG, IGT, and pre-diabetes were 13.1, 3.4, and 16.1%, respectively. Boys had a 2.4-fold higher prevalence of pre-diabetes than girls (95% CI 1.3–4.3). Non-Hispanic blacks had a lower rate than non-Hispanic whites (PR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4–0.9). Adolescents aged 16–19 years had a lower rate than those aged 12–15 years (0.6, 0.4–0.9). Overweight adolescents had a 2.6-fold higher rate than those with normal weight (1.3–5.1). Adolescents with two or more cardiometabolic risk factors had a 2.7-fold higher rate than those with none (1.5–4.8). Adolescents with hyperinsulinemia had a fourfold higher prevalence (2.2–7.4) than those without. Neither overweight nor number of cardiometabolic risk factors was significantly associated with pre-diabetes after adjustment for hyperinsulinemia. CONCLUSIONS—Pre-diabetes was highly prevalent among adolescents. Hyperinsulinemia was independently associated with pre-diabetes and may account for the association of overweight and clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors with pre-diabetes.
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“The number of youth with elevated fasting blood sugar increased 87% from 1999–2000 to 2005–2006”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [318]
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Abdulmonem, W. A., Alghaniam, S. A., Alenazi, H., Baker, P., Alghoniam, M., Alfugaier, A., & Alghunaim, A. A. (2022) · Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Medical Sciences · doi:10.54940/ms66194493
“…long-term lethal complications such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, stroke, diabetes (hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia), various forms of cancer, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular disorders, endocrine problems, and anomalies of the reproductive system (Freedman et al. 2007; Li et al. 2009).”
BackgroundPike, J. M., Moore, C. M., Yazel, L. G., Lynch, D. O., Haberlin-Pittz, K. M., Wiehe, S., & Hannon, T. (2020) · doi:10.2196/preprints.18245
Zhu, J. (2019) · doi:10.26153/tsw/1350
“To determine the optimal number of latent classes, a different number (1-7) of classes of weight-related behaviors for female and male adolescents were tested, and the results were showed in Table 4 and Table 5, respectively.”
MethodCascarelli, N. V., & Larwin, K. (2017) · International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) · doi:10.11591/.v6i1.6534
Wang, W. (2016) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · doi:10.15781/t2804xn74
Improving Adherence for Children with Diabetes
Nabors, L., Teminijesu, J., Aikens, A., Berry, C., Fevrier, B., & DeLeon, P. (2015) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/60567
“Nutrition is also a major issue in diabetic youth because healthful nutrition helps with blood glucose control, weight management, and maintenance of an optimum nutritional status necessary to maintain good health, boost immunity, and help prevent complications [4, 6].”
BackgroundCoNtEmpoRARy ISSUES IN NURSING: EpIDEmIC of ChIlD oBESIty
Alzahrani, H., & Arabia, S. (2013) · doi:10.5742/mejn.2013.75329
Federal Resources to Help Schools Reduce Student Obesity
Warren-Boulton, E., & Gallivan, J. (2012) · NASN School Nurse · doi:10.1177/1942602x12442723
Obesity in the Natural History of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Causes and Consequences
Valente, F., Brito, M., & Atala, S. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/23154
“, 2008), as well as isolated pre-diabetes (Li et al., 2009).”
Burden of Diabetes Type 2 Through Modelling and Simulation
Atanasijevic-Kunc, M., & Drinovec, J. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/24443
Reddy, O., Suresh, A. V. S., Sinha, S., & Mandapal, T. (2011) · International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries · doi:10.1007/s13410-010-0002-2
Current literature in diabetes
(2009) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.1034 · Cited by 1
Evaluating the efficacy of a nutrition education mini lesson series
Patnode, E. B. (2013) · doi:10.23860/thesis-patnode-elizabeth-2013
“34 apnea, and low self-esteem both as youth and during adulthood (8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14).”
BackgroundEndocrinologíay, E., Nutrición, N., Carabaña, F., Martinez, C., Peral, P., Velázquez, M., Alonso, D., Garriga, M., Vázquez, C., Parra, P., et al. (2007) · Gesbiblo eBooks · doi:10.4272/978-84-96667-39-6.ch13
Metadata
- Authors
- Li, C., Ford, E. S., Zhao, G., & Mokdad, A. H.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Chaoyang
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2009-02-01
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 342-347
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- PMC
- PMC2628705
- OpenAlex
- W1978039317
- Cited by
- 340
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 10.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- prediabetes, adolescents, impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, cardiometabolic risk factors, risk factor clustering, overweight, prevalence, sex differences, racial differences, fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Blood Glucose, Child, Fasting, Female, Heart Diseases, Humans, Hyperinsulinism, Interviews as Topic, Life Style, Male, Metabolic Diseases, Nutrition Surveys, Prediabetic State, Risk Factors, Sex Characteristics, United States, Prevalence, Glucose Intolerance, Racial Groups, Young Adult
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