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Cited by 340Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsObesity, Physical Activity, DietDiabetes Management and Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Prevalence of Pre-Diabetes and Its Association With Clustering of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Hyperinsulinemia Among U.S. Adolescents

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Li, Chaoyang, Ford, Earl S., Zhao, Guixiang, Mokdad, Ali H.·2009·Diabetes Care
DOI 10.2337/dc08-1128PMC PMC2628705
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE—Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) are considered to constitute “pre-diabetes.” We estimated the prevalence of IFG, IGT, and pre-diabetes among U.S. adolescents using data from a nationally representative sample. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We analyzed data from participants aged 12–19 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006. We used fasting plasma glucose and 2-h glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test to assess the prevalence of IFG, IGT, and pre-diabetes and used the log-binomial model to estimate the prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% CIs. RESULTS—The unadjusted prevalences of IFG, IGT, and pre-diabetes were 13.1, 3.4, and 16.1%, respectively. Boys had a 2.4-fold higher prevalence of pre-diabetes than girls (95% CI 1.3–4.3). Non-Hispanic blacks had a lower rate than non-Hispanic whites (PR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4–0.9). Adolescents aged 16–19 years had a lower rate than those aged 12–15 years (0.6, 0.4–0.9). Overweight adolescents had a 2.6-fold higher rate than those with normal weight (1.3–5.1). Adolescents with two or more cardiometabolic risk factors had a 2.7-fold higher rate than those with none (1.5–4.8). Adolescents with hyperinsulinemia had a fourfold higher prevalence (2.2–7.4) than those without. Neither overweight nor number of cardiometabolic risk factors was significantly associated with pre-diabetes after adjustment for hyperinsulinemia. CONCLUSIONS—Pre-diabetes was highly prevalent among adolescents. Hyperinsulinemia was independently associated with pre-diabetes and may account for the association of overweight and clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors with pre-diabetes.

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Figure 1 Prevalence of IFG, IGT, and pre-diabetes according to the number of cardiometabolic risk factors (A) (*P < 0.05, compared with the 0 group; †P < 0.01, compared with the 1 group; ‡P < 0.10, compared with the 0 group), and a combination of central obesity and hyperinsulinemia (B) (*P < 0.05, compared with the OB−/HI− group; †P < 0.05 compared with the OB+/HI− group). OB, central obesity; HI, hyperinsulinemia, defined as >75th percentile of fasting insulin (82.5 pmol/l or 13.75 μU/ml) by the Mercodia method. To convert fasting insulin (FI) between the Mercodia and the Tosoh methods, see footnote ‖ to Table 1.
Figure 1 Prevalence of IFG, IGT, and pre-diabetes according to the number of cardiometabolic risk factors (A) (*P < 0.05, compared with the 0 group; †P < 0.01, compared with the 1 group; ‡P < 0.10, compared with the 0 group), and a combination of central obesity and hyperinsulinemia (B) (*P < 0.05, compared with the OB−/HI− group; †P < 0.05 compared with the OB+/HI− group). OB, central obesity; HI, hyperinsulinemia, defined as >75th percentile of fasting insulin (82.5 pmol/l or 13.75 μU/ml) by the Mercodia method. To convert fasting insulin (FI) between the Mercodia and the Tosoh methods, see footnote ‖ to Table 1.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Geometric means and 95% CIs of fasting insulin (picomoles per liter, Mercodia method) (A) and HOMA (B) among U.S. adolescents, ages 12–19, by IFG, IGT, and pre-diabetes status (n = 777).
Figure 2 Geometric means and 95% CIs of fasting insulin (picomoles per liter, Mercodia method) (A) and HOMA (B) among U.S. adolescents, ages 12–19, by IFG, IGT, and pre-diabetes status (n = 777).CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Zimmet P, Alberti G, Kaufman F, Tajima N, Silink M, Arslanian S, Wong G, Bennett P, Shaw J, Caprio S: The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Lancet 369:2059–2061, 2007 · DOI
  2. Li C, Ford ES, McGuire LC, Mokdad AH, Little RR, Reaven GM: Trends in hyperinsulinemia among nondiabetic adults in the U.S. Diabetes Care 29:2396–2402, 2006 · DOI

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Metadata

Authors
Li, C., Ford, E. S., Zhao, G., & Mokdad, A. H.
Affiliations
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
  • University of Washington (US)
Corresponding author
Li, Chaoyang
ORCID
Venue
Diabetes Care
Publisher
American Diabetes Association
Published
2009-02-01
Volume
32
Issue
2
Pages
342-347
ISSN
  • 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
  • 1935-5548
DOI
10.2337/dc08-1128
PMC
PMC2628705
OpenAlex
W1978039317
Cited by
340
References
28
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 25
FWCI
10.64
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc-nd
Locations
  • Diabetes Care (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Keywords
prediabetes, adolescents, impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, cardiometabolic risk factors, risk factor clustering, overweight, prevalence, sex differences, racial differences, fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Blood Glucose, Child, Fasting, Female, Heart Diseases, Humans, Hyperinsulinism, Interviews as Topic, Life Style, Male, Metabolic Diseases, Nutrition Surveys, Prediabetic State, Risk Factors, Sex Characteristics, United States, Prevalence, Glucose Intolerance, Racial Groups, Young Adult

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