Cited by 249Workplace Health and Well-beingEmployment and Welfare StudiesOccupational Health and Burnout

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Job Strain as a Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes: A Pooled Analysis of 124,808 Men and Women

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Nyberg, Solja T., Fransson, Eleonor I., Heikkilä, Katriina, Ahola, Kirsi, Alfredsson, Lars, Bjorner, Jakob B., Borritz, Marianne, Burr, Hermann, Dragano, Nico, Goldberg, Marcel, Hamer, Mark, Jokela, Markus, Knutsson, Anders, Koskenvuo, Markku, Koskinen, Aki, Kouvonen, Anne, Leineweber, Constanze, Madsen, Ida E.H., Magnusson Hanson, Linda L., Marmot, Michael G., Nielsen, Martin L., Nordin, Maria, Oksanen, Tuula, Pejtersen, Jan H., Pentti, Jaana, Rugulies, Reiner, Salo, Paula, Siegrist, Johannes, Steptoe, Andrew, Suominen, Sakari, Theorell, Töres, Väänänen, Ari, Vahtera, Jussi, Virtanen, Marianna, Westerholm, Peter J.M., Westerlund, Hugo, Zins, Marie, Batty, G. David, Brunner, Eric J., Ferrie, Jane E., Singh-Manoux, Archana, Kivimäki, Mika·2014·Diabetes Care

DOI 10.2337/dc13-2936PMC PMC4113178

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The status of psychosocial stress at work as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes is unclear because existing evidence is based on small studies and is subject to confounding by lifestyle factors, such as obesity and physical inactivity. This collaborative study examined whether stress at work, defined as “job strain,” is associated with incident type 2 diabetes independent of lifestyle factors. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We extracted individual-level data for 124,808 diabetes-free adults from 13 European cohort studies participating in the IPD-Work Consortium. We measured job strain with baseline questionnaires. Incident type 2 diabetes at follow-up was ascertained using national health registers, clinical screening, and self-reports. We analyzed data for each study using Cox regression and pooled the study-specific estimates in fixed-effect meta-analyses. RESULTS: There were 3,703 cases of incident diabetes during a mean follow-up of 10.3 years. After adjustment for age, sex, and socioeconomic status (SES), the hazard ratio (HR) for job strain compared with no job strain was 1.15 (95% CI 1.06–1.25) with no difference between men and women (1.19 [1.06–1.34] and 1.13 [1.00–1.28], respectively). In stratified analyses, job strain was associated with an increased risk of diabetes among those with healthy and unhealthy lifestyle habits. In a multivariable model adjusted for age, sex, SES, and lifestyle habits, the HR was 1.11 (1.00–1.23). CONCLUSIONS: Findings from a large pan-European dataset suggest that job strain is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes in men and women independent of lifestyle factors.

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Authors: Nyberg, S. T., Fransson, E. I., Heikkilä, K., Ahola, K., Alfredsson, L., Bjorner, J. B., Borritz, M., Burr, H., Dragano, N., Goldberg, M., Hamer, M., Jokela, M., Knutsson, A., Koskenvuo, M., Koskinen, A., Kouvonen, A., Leineweber, C., Madsen, I. E. H., Magnusson Hanson, L. L., Marmot, M. G., Nielsen, M. L., Nordin, M., Oksanen, T., Pejtersen, J. H., Pentti, J., Rugulies, R., Salo, P., Siegrist, J., Steptoe, A., Suominen, S., Theorell, T., Väänänen, A., Vahtera, J., Virtanen, M., Westerholm, P. J. M., Westerlund, H., Zins, M., Batty, G. D., Brunner, E. J., Ferrie, J. E., Singh-Manoux, A., & Kivimäki, M.
Affiliations: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FI)
Stockholm University (SE)
Region Stockholm (SE)
National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
Bispebjerg Hospital (DK)
Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (DE)
Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
Inserm (FR)
University College London (GB)
University of Helsinki (FI)
Mid Sweden University (SE)
Queen's University Belfast (GB)
National Research Centre for the Working Environment (DK)
Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Umeå University (SE)
Danish National Centre for Social Research (DK)
University of Copenhagen (DK)
University of Turku (FI)
Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
Uppsala University (SE)
University of Bristol (GB)
Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Villejuif, France
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Tampere, and Turku, Finland
Corresponding author: Nyberg, Solja T.
ORCID: Nyberg, Solja T.
Fransson, Eleonor I.
Heikkilä, Katriina
Ahola, Kirsi
Alfredsson, Lars
Borritz, Marianne
Burr, Hermann
Goldberg, Marcel
Hamer, Mark
Jokela, Markus
Koskinen, Aki
Kouvonen, Anne
Leineweber, Constanze
Madsen, Ida E.H.
Marmot, Michael G.
Nielsen, Martin L.
Oksanen, Tuula
Pejtersen, Jan H.
Rugulies, Reiner
Salo, Paula
Steptoe, Andrew
Suominen, Sakari
Theorell, Töres
Väänänen, Ari
Vahtera, Jussi
Virtanen, Marianna
Westerholm, Peter J.M.
Westerlund, Hugo
Zins, Marie
Batty, G. David
Brunner, Eric J.
Venue: Diabetes Care
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
Published: 2014-07-12
Volume: 37
Issue: 8
Pages: 2268-2275
ISSN: 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
1935-5548
DOI: 10.2337/dc13-2936
PMC: PMC4113178
OpenAlex: W2170266504
Semantic Scholar: 2580fd34e0b56f482ac6120b5a529e6243bc1dcf
Cited by: 249
References: 39
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 6
FWCI: 4.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Diva portal (Dalarna University Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Research Centre
British Heart Foundation (R01AG034454, K013351, RG/10/005/28296, RG/13/2/30098, RG/07/008/23674, R01HL036310)
Bupa Foundation
Forskningsrådet för Arbetsliv och Socialvetenskap
Työsuojelurahasto
Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung
National Institutes of Health
Medical Research Council (MR/K013351/1, MR/K023241/1, K013351, MR/K026992/1, R01AG034454)
Economic and Social Research Council (R01AG034454, ES/J023299/1, ES/F02679X/1, R01HL036310)
National Institute on Aging (R01AG034454)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL036310)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
Keywords: job strain, type 2 diabetes, occupational stress, lifestyle factors, obesity, physical inactivity, socioeconomic status, sex differences, incident diabetes risk
MeSH terms: Adult, Burnout, Professional, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Europe, Female, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological, Work, Cohort Studies, Incidence

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Job Strain as a Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes: A Pooled Analysis of 124,808 Men and Women

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