Epidemiology of Diabetes—Status of a Pandemic and Issues Around Metabolic Surgery
Abstract
The number of people with diabetes worldwide has more than doubled during the past 20 years. One of the most worrying features of this rapid increase is the emergence of type 2 diabetes in children, adolescents, and young adults. Although the role of traditional risk factors for type 2 diabetes, such as genetic, lifestyle, and behavioral risk factors, has been given attention, recent research has focused on identifying the contributions of epigenetic mechanisms and the effect of the intrauterine environment. Epidemiological data predict an inexorable and unsustainable increase in global health expenditure attributable to diabetes, so disease prevention should be given high priority. An integrated approach is needed to prevent type 2 diabetes and must recognize its heterogeneity. Future research needs to be directed at improved understanding of the potential role of determinants, such as the maternal environment and other early life factors, as well as changing trends in global demography, to help shape disease prevention programs. Equally important is a better understanding of the role of metabolic surgery in helping to address the management both of persons with type 2 diabetes and of those persons in the community who are at higher risk for type 2 diabetes, particularly in emerging nations where the diabetes epidemic is in full flight.
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The escalating global epidemics of CVD and T2DM and dramatic changes in societies over recent decades are pivotal in the pathogenesis of obesity, T2DM and CVD.
“We see this scenario as pivotal in the pathogenesis of obesity, T2DM and CVD and in the light of the modern epidemics of NCDs 8, 55.”
From The Circadian Syndrome: is the Metabolic Syndrome and much more! (2019) · cites this paper as [55]
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The Circadian Syndrome: is the Metabolic Syndrome and much more!
Zimmet, P., Alberti, K. G. M. M., Stern, N., Bilu, C., El‐Osta, A., Einat, H., & Kronfeld‐Schor, N. (2019) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12924 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Zimmet, P. Z., & Alberti, K. G. M. M.
- Affiliations
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (AU)
- King's College Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Zimmet, Paul Z.
- ORCID
- Zimmet, Paul Z.
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2016-05-13
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 878-883
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W2405769729
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 14.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, diabetes epidemiology, childhood obesity, epigenetics, intrauterine environment, maternal environment, early life factors, diabetes prevention, metabolic surgery
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Developing Countries, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Bariatric Surgery, Young Adult, Pandemics
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