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The Impact of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Markers of Quality of Life in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: Further Findings From the DIAMOND Randomized Clinical Trial

Polonsky, William H., Hessler, Danielle, Ruedy, Katrina J., Beck, Roy W.·2017·Diabetes Care

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) improves glycemic control, but data are inconclusive about its influence on quality of life (QOL). We investigated the impact of 24 weeks of CGM use on QOL in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) who use multiple daily insulin injections. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS DIAMOND (Multiple Daily Injections and Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Diabetes) was a prospective randomized trial that assessed CGM versus self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) only in 158 adults with poorly controlled T1D. At baseline and study end, participants completed QOL measures that assessed overall well-being (WHO-5), health status (EQ-5D-5L), diabetes distress (DDS), hypoglycemic fear (worry subscale of the HFS-II), and hypoglycemic confidence (HCS). At study end, CGM participants completed the CGM Satisfaction Survey. Linear regression analyses compared treatment group changes in QOL outcomes over time. Associations between CGM satisfaction and change in QOL outcomes and in glycemic control indices were assessed. RESULTS The CGM group demonstrated a greater increase in hypoglycemic confidence (P = 0.01) and a greater decrease in diabetes distress (P = 0.01) than the SMBG group. No significant group differences in well-being, health status, or hypoglycemic fear were observed. CGM satisfaction was not significantly associated with glycemic changes but was associated with reductions in diabetes distress (P < 0.001) and hypoglycemic fear (P = 0.02) and increases in hypoglycemic confidence (P < 0.001) and well-being (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS CGM contributes to significant improvement in diabetes-specific QOL (i.e., diabetes distress, hypoglycemic confidence) in adults with T1D, but not with QOL measures not specific to diabetes (i.e., well-being, health status). CGM satisfaction was associated with most of the QOL outcomes but not with glycemic outcomes.

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Self-citation
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“28 This direct connection between actions and consequences fosters stronger internal motivation to adhere to recommended lifestyle modifications, including dietary adjustments and increased physical activity.”
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“A previous study showed that CGM could positively influence glucose control and help adolescent patients with T1D to enhance their quality of life.(23) DQOL domains usually refer to treatment satisfaction, family relationships, self-efficacy, lifestyle flexibility, anxiety, fear of glucose fluctuations, fear of diabet…”
Background
Optimizing type 1 diabetes after multiple daily injections and capillary blood monitoring: Pump or sensor first? A meta‐analysis using pooled differences in outcome measures
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“This review did not include any participant reported outcomes and, as such, only provides a picture of changes to glycaemia and may not be representative of QOL.”
MethodInfluential
Area deprivation and demographic factors associated with diabetes technology use in adults with type 1 diabetes in Germany
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“90 was assumed, based on findings of the DIAMOND trial.(12) Disutilities associated with long-term diabetesrelated complications and hypoglycemic events were sourced from the literature (Table 2).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The Role of Glucagon in Glycemic Variability in Type 1 Diabetes: A Narrative Review
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“, contributing to a greater sense of safety) and reduce avoidance behaviors, while not necessarily alleviating anxiety.(13,14) Building on the work of Gonder-Frederick and her colleagues in the development of the HFS and HFS-II,(3,4) the first subscale of the HABS (Anxiety) was originally developed to capture signific…”
Intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring is associated with high satisfaction but increased HbA1c and weight in well‐controlled youth with type 1 diabetes
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“The use of these systems has also significantly improved glycemic control, treatment adherence, and quality of life 35 , 36 .”
Background
Satisfaction with continuous glucose monitoring is associated with quality of life in young people with type 1 diabetes regardless of metabolic control and treatment type
Franceschi, R., Pertile, R., Marigliano, M., Mozzillo, E., Maffeis, C., Morotti, E., Candia, F. D., Fedi, L., Iafusco, D., Zanfardino, A., et al. (2024) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.15307 · Cited by 14
“These findings are consistent with studies indicating improvements in youth and parent QoL after CGM use, 5,7,8 but different from previous research reporting satisfaction in using CGM but no significant changes in overall TABLE 2 KINDL and CGM-SAT scores in young people with diabetes and their…”
Result
Personalized Blood Glucose Forecasting From Limited CGM Data Using Incrementally Retrained LSTM
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“Second, higher conﬁdence in the AP supported by robust BG forecasting may reduce patients’ anxiety about managing their condition, which in turn can lead to an improved overall quality of life [53].”
Continuous glucose monitoring in an end‐stage renal disease patient with diabetes receiving hemodialysis
Narasaki, Y., Park, E., You, A. S., Daza, A. C., Peralta, R. A., Guerrero, Y., Novoa, A., Amin, A., Nguyen, D. V., Price, D. A., et al. (2021) · Seminars in Dialysis · doi:10.1111/sdi.13009 · Cited by 14
Role of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Insulin-Requiring Patients with Diabetes
Welsh, J. B. (2018) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2018.0100 · Cited by 14
Psychosocial outcomes with the Omnipod® 5 Automated Insulin Delivery System in caregivers of very young children with type 1 diabetes
MacLeish, S. A., Hood, K. K., Polonsky, W. H., Wood, J., Bode, B. W., Forlenza, G. P., Laffel, L. M., Buckingham, B. A., Criego, A. B., Schoelwer, M. J., et al. (2024) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15906 · Cited by 13
“38 Because missing data were minimal and no meaningful differences existed between analysis results with or without data imputation, only the results of the initial analysis with no imputation are reported.”
COVID-19 and Diabetes: Could Diabetes Technology Research Help Pave the Way for Remote Healthcare?
Fuchs, J., & Hovorka, R. (2020) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/1932296820929714 · Cited by 13
“5 Easy data viewing on handheld devices empowers patients to make independent and frequent changes to their insulin dosing as well as decreasing diabetes distress, 10,11 and it allows healthcare providers to quickly access data when giving advice.”
Bone accrual in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: current knowledge and future directions
Weber, D. R. (2021) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000638 · Cited by 12
“Advances in diabetes care, including the development of improved insulin analogs, subcutaneous insulin pumps, and continuous glucose sensors, have improved the health and quality of life of people with T1D [1,2].”
Background
Health care effects and medical benefits of a smartphone-based diabetes self-management application: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Ehrmann, D., Eichinger, V., Vesper, I., Kober, J., Kraus, M., Schäfer, V., Hermanns, N., Kulzer, B., & Silbermann, S. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06248-2 · Cited by 15
Cost-utility of real-time continuous glucose monitoring versus self-monitoring of blood glucose in people with insulin-treated Type II diabetes in France
Alshannaq, H. A., Pollock, R. F., Joubert, M., Ahmed, W., Norman, G. J., Lynch, P. M., & Roze, S. (2024) · Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research · doi:10.57264/cer-2023-0174 · Cited by 13
Research progress on the association between glycemic variability index derived from CGM and cardiovascular disease complications
Zhang, L., Sun, X., & Tian, Q. (2024) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-024-02241-0 · Cited by 12
“Researchers have also reported reduced diabetes-related distress and increased confidence in managing hypo-glycemia among rtCGM users [21].”
Variations in access to and reimbursement for continuous glucose monitoring systems for people living with Type 1 diabetes across England
Perera, R., Oliver, N. S., Wilmot, E. G., & Marriott, C. (2018) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.13766 · Cited by 12
An Economic Evaluation of Continuous Glucose Monitoring for People with Type 1 Diabetes and Impaired Awareness of Hypoglycaemia within North West London Clinical Commissioning Groups in England
Chaugule, S., Oliver, N. S., Klinkenbijl, B., International Access, D. O. L., & Graham, C. (2017) · touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology · doi:10.17925/ee.2017.13.02.81 · Cited by 12
Predicting Success with a First-Generation Hybrid Closed-Loop Artificial Pancreas System Among Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: A Model Development and Validation Study
Forlenza, G. P., Vigers, T., Berget, C., Messer, L. H., Lal, R., Basina, M., Maahs, D. M., Hood, K. K., Buckingham, B. A., Wilson, D. M., et al. (2021) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2021.0326 · Cited by 12
Cost‐utility of real‐time continuous glucose monitoring versus self‐monitoring of blood glucose and intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring in people with type 1 diabetes receiving multiple daily insulin injections in Denmark
Alshannaq, H. A., Cogswell, G., Pollock, R. F., Ahmed, W., Norman, G. J., Lynch, P. M., & Roze, S. (2023) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15158 · Cited by 14
“90 for T1D with no complications was assumed for the base case analyses.(17,18) Disutilities associated with long-term complications were sourced from a literature review by Beaudet et al.”
Method
Treatment Satisfaction and Well-Being With Continuous Glucose Monitoring in People With Type 1 Diabetes: An Analysis Based on the GOLD Randomized Trial
Pylov, D., Polonsky, W. H., Imberg, H., Holmer, H., Hellman, J., Wijkman, M. O., Bolinder, J., Heise, T., Dahlqvist, S., Nyström, T., et al. (2023) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968231183974 · Cited by 11
Real-time continuous glucose monitoring vs. self-monitoring of blood glucose: cost-utility in South Korean type 2 diabetes patients on intensive insulin
Kim, J. Y., Ilham, S., Alshannaq, H. A., Pollock, R. F., Ahmed, W., Norman, G. J., Jin, S., & Kim, J. H. (2024) · Journal of Medical Economics · doi:10.1080/13696998.2024.2405293 · Cited by 11
“A utility value representing a reduction in fear of hypoglycemia (FoH) of 0.02536 29 was applied to the rt-CGM arm, in combination with the utility benefit associated with avoidance of fin-gerstick testing (yielding a final annual utility benefit of 0.05536).”
Influential
Psychosocial Aspects of Diabetes Technologies: Commentary on the Current Status of the Evidence and Suggestions for Future Directions
Barnard-Kelly, K. D., Gonder-Frederick, L. A., Weissberg-Benchell, J. A., & Wisk, L. E. (2024) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968241276550 · Cited by 12
DiabetesWise : An innovative approach to promoting diabetes device awareness
Wong, J. J., Addala, A., Hanes, S. J., Krugman, S., Naranjo, D. M., Nelmes, S., Rose, K. J., Tanenbaum, M. L., & Hood, K. K. (2023) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.13401 · Cited by 11
Continuous Glucose Monitoring versus Standard of Care in Adolescents With Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Randomized Cross-Over Trial
CHANG, N. T., Banca, R. O. L., Alula, J. L., Durazo-Arvizú, R., & Chao, L. C. (2023) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968231178284 · Cited by 10
Comparative effect of physical health training and psychological training of the theory of reasoned action (TRA) model on the life quality of patients with diabetes in Tehran, Iran: utilization of message texting
Sadeghi, D., Motlagh, M. K., Darvish, A., Daryaafzoon, M., Mohamadnejad, E., Molaei, A., Montazerlotf, P., & Hosseini, R. S. S. (2024) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-024-01598-1 · Cited by 11
“Therefore, in the case of correct psychological training and a health-promoting lifestyle for these patients, such problems can be reduced to a large extent [27, 28].”
Background
Estimating Breakfast Characteristics Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Machine Learning in Adults With or at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Pai, R., Barua, S., Kim, B. S., McDonald, M., Wierzchowska-McNew, R. A., Pai, A., Deutz, N. E. P., Kerr, D. E., & Sabharwal, A. (2024) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968241274800 · Cited by 10
“34 In T1D and insulin-treated T2D, there is a solid evidence base for the use of CGM. 35,36 Recently, there has been growing interest in the use of CGM among adults with T2D including those not using insulin.”
Diabetes-Related Distress and Glycemic Dysregulation in Everyday Life With Type 1 Diabetes: Which Comes First?
Gonzalez, J. S., Hoogendoorn, C. J., Hernandez, R., Schneider, S., Mustafiz, F., Siddhanta, M., & Pyatak, E. A. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-0559 · Cited by 13
A Brief Review on the Evolution of Technology in Exercise and Sport in Type 1 Diabetes: Past, Present, and Future
Riddell, M. C., Shakeri, D., & Scott, S. N. (2021) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2021.0427 · Cited by 11
Health care organization and use of technological devices in people with diabetes in Italy: Results from a survey of the Working Group on Diabetes and Technology
Pitocco, D., Laurenzi, A., Tomaselli, L. G., Assaloni, R., Consoli, A., Bartolo, P. D., Guardasole, V., Lombardo, F., Maffeis, C., Rossi, A., et al. (2022) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2022.07.003 · Cited by 11
Patient-Reported Usefulness and Challenges in Using Hypoglycemia-Informing Features of Continuous Glucose Monitors to Manage Hypoglycemia
Lin, Y. K., Agni, A., Chuisano, S. A., Fetters, M. D., Funnell, M. M., Pop‐Busui, R., & DeJonckheere, M. J. (2023) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/26350106231168859 · Cited by 10
Hypoglycemic Confidence in the Partners of Adults with Type 1 Diabetes
Polonsky, W. H., Fortmann, A. L., Johnson, K. E., Nguyen, A. P., & Beebe, C. (2019) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2019.0313 · Cited by 9
Comparison of continuous glucose monitoring to reference standard oral glucose tolerance test for the detection of dysglycemia in cystic Fibrosis: A systematic review
Kumar, S., Pallin, M., Soldatos, G., & Teede, H. J. (2022) · Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.jcte.2022.100305 · Cited by 9
“Usually, CGM serves as a management decision-aid that optimises behavioural and pharmacological interventions with evidence that it improves glycemic control, hypoglycemic confidence and diabetes distress in people with type 1 diabetes [32,34].”
Background
An Opportunity for Improvement: Evaluation of Diabetes Technology Education Among Adult Endocrinology Training Programs
Fantasia, K. L., Demers, L., Steenkamp, D., & Modzelewski, K. L. (2022) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968221077132 · Cited by 8
“We identified the following six themes (Table 6): (1) direct instruction and experiential learning are common methods of instruction and were felt to best be used sequentially, (2) fellows highly value opportunities for experiential learning, (3) diabetes technology curricula were felt to be informal or absent and fel…”
The Relationship Between Quality of Life, Diabetes Distress, and Metabolic Control in Hungarian Type 1 Diabetic Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study
Losonczi, A., Kazinczi, C., Fehervari, F., Illenyi, M., Herold, Z., Palmai, D., Rigó, A., Varga, É. K., Zemplenyi, Z. M., Vincze, Á., et al. (2025) · Diabetology · doi:10.3390/diabetology6030019 · Cited by 12
“Among T1D patients using CGM, an improvement of HbA1c levels [26–29], of diabetes-specific QoL [30], treatment satisfaction [26], elevated overall well-being [26], reductions in DD [27,29,30], improvement of hypoglycemic confidence [26,30], and self-efficacy [27] was found compared to SMBG users…”
Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in People with Type 1 Diabetes: Perspectives of Two People with Diabetes and Physician Perspective
Mohamed, I. A., Fisher, A., Cooper, P., & Hussain, S. (2019) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-019-0576-8 · Cited by 8
The impact of diabetes technology advances on quality of life: addressing the barriers to uptake
Kilvert, A., & Fox, C. (2023) · Practical Diabetes · doi:10.1002/pdi.2476 · Cited by 10
Development of a Novel Tool to Support Engagement With Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems and Optimize Outcomes
Barnard-Kelly, K. D., & Polonsky, W. H. (2019) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/1932296819848686 · Cited by 8
Impact of Human Factors Testing on Medical Device Design: Validation of an Automated CGM Sensor Applicator
North, R. A., Pospisil, C., Clukey, R. J., & Parkin, C. G. (2019) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/1932296819831071 · Cited by 8
Continuous glucose monitoring in patients with postbariatric hypoglycemia: effect on hypoglycemia and quality of life
Turk, N., Ramanujan, S., Shamloo, T., Craig, C., & McLaughlin, T. (2025) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvaf106 · Cited by 7
“In patients with type 1 diabetes, use of CGM has also been shown to increase hypoglycemic confidence and reduce feelings of disease-related and interpersonal distress [15].”
Glycemic Variability in Pancreatogenic Diabetes Mellitus: characteristics, Risks, Potential Mechanisms, and Treatment Possibilities
Sun, Y., Lu, B., Hu, Y.-W., Lv, Y., & Zhong, S. (2024) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s477497 · Cited by 11
Cost-Utility of Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring versus Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose in People with Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes in Spain
Merino-Torres, J. F., Ilham, S., Alshannaq, H. A., Pollock, R. F., Ahmed, W., & Norman, G. J. (2024) · ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research · doi:10.2147/ceor.s483459 · Cited by 8
To assess the impact of individualized strategy and continuous glucose monitoring on glycemic control and mental health in pregnant women with diabetes
Liu, M., Chen, T., Wang, S., Li, N., & Liu, D. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1470473 · Cited by 8
Cutaneous adverse events in a randomized controlled trial of flash glucose monitoring among youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Marsters, B. L., Styles, S. E., Galland, B. C., Wiltshire, E. J., de Bock, M. I., Tomlinson, P. A., Rayns, J. A., MacKenzie, K. E., Chan, H., & Wheeler, B. J. (2020) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.13121 · Cited by 6
“Low deprivation (1-3) 19 (30) 10 (30) 9 (29)”
Background
Pilot study in human healthy volunteers on the use of magnetohydrodynamics in needle-free continuous glucose monitoring
Hakala, T. A., Zschaechner, L. K., Vänskä, R. T., Nurminen, T. A., Wardale, M., Morina, J., Boeva, Z. A., Saukkonen, R., Alakoskela, J.-M. I., Pettersson-Fernholm, K., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-21424-9 · Cited by 7
Continuous glucose monitoring for black older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Challenges, innovations and implications: A discursive review
Owusu, B., Bivins, B. L., Juste, J., Francis, L., Itambo, J., Akomah, J., Yorukoglu, N., Gbaba, S., Hinneh, T. K., Ajibewa, T. A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.16277 · Cited by 6
Satisfaction with continuous glucose monitoring and diabetes care among hospitalised patients with type 2 diabetes managed by inpatient diabetes teams
Olsen, M. T., Vikner, M. E., Hjejle, S., Rasmussen, L. M., Klarskov, C. K., Lindegaard, B., Andersen, J. A., Gottlieb, H., Lunding, S., Nørgaard, K., et al. (2025) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.70114 · Cited by 6
Glycemic and Psychosocial Correlates of Continuous Glucose Monitor Use Among Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes
Straton, E., Inverso, H., Moore, H. R., Anifowoshe, K., Washington, K., Streisand, R. M., Datye, K. A., & Jaser, S. S. (2023) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968231186428 · Cited by 7
Transitions of Care From Hospital to Home: Can Continuous Glucose Monitoring Improve Outcomes for Patients With Diabetes?
Jenkins, M., Simpson, J., Ursuy, T., Hanks, J., & Burroughs, T. (2024) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/26350106241268479 · Cited by 6
Evaluation of glycemia risk index and continuous glucose monitoring-derived metrics in type 1 diabetes: a real-world observational study
Hayek, A. A., Mashali, M. A., & Dawish, M. A. A. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-025-01569-w · Cited by 6
“Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices have revolutionized glucose management for people living with T1D [4, 5], leading to better metabolic control, improved quality of life, and fewer long-term adverse health outcomes [6–16].”
USA Vs Europe: Who Is Leading the Diabetes Tech Race?
Acosta, G. J., Brown, S. J., Zand, A., Kansara, A., & Sadhu, A. (2019) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-019-1237-z · Cited by 6
Does the short-term use of continuous glucose monitoring enhance diabetes self-management behaviour in type 2 diabetes? The DISCO GM Study: A randomised, controlled cross-over study
Parsons, S. N., Luzio, S. D., Dowrick, S. C., Dunseath, G. J., Cheung, W., Gibbs, S. L., Owens, D. R., & Stephens, J. W. (2025) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2025.103283 · Cited by 5
A Qualitative Analysis of Provider‐Level Barriers to Prescribing Diabetes Technology
Maizel, J. L., Walker, A. F., Walls, A., Pasquel, F. J., Haller, M. J., & Bruggeman, B. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/jdr/8873848 · Cited by 7
“…years, including insulin pumps, continuous glucose monitors (CGMs), and arti ﬁ cial insulin delivery (AID) systems, have revolutionized diabetes care and resulted in improved HbA1c, time in range (TIR), rates of hypoglycemia, and quality of life among people with insulin-dependent diabetes [1 – 4].”

Authors: Polonsky, W. H., Hessler, D., Ruedy, K. J., & Beck, R. W.
Affiliations: University of California San Diego (US)
University of California, San Francisco (US)
Jaeb Center for Health Research (US)
Corresponding author: Polonsky, William H.
ORCID: Polonsky, William H.
Hessler, Danielle
Beck, Roy W.
Venue: Diabetes Care
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
Published: 2017-04-07
Volume: 40
Issue: 6
Pages: 736-741
ISSN: 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
1935-5548
DOI: 10.2337/dc17-0133
OpenAlex: W2604156892
Cited by: 346
References: 22
Citations by year: 2026: 41 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 5
FWCI: 22.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.diabetesjournals.org/content/license (vor, 45 d)
Locations: Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
Keywords: continuous glucose monitoring, type 1 diabetes, quality of life, diabetes distress, self-monitoring of blood glucose, multiple daily insulin injections, glycemic control, adults with diabetes
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Anxiety, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hypoglycemia, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Quality of Life, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Biomarkers, Linear Models

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The Impact of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Markers of Quality of Life in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: Further Findings From the DIAMOND Randomized Clinical Trial

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