Vitamin D Status, Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms, and Risk of Microvascular Complications Among Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Study
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Evidence is limited regarding the associations between vitamin D status and microvascular complications in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D), among whom vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency is particularly common. In this study we aimed to prospectively investigate the associations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms with risk of diabetic microvascular complications. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This analysis included 14,709 participants with T2D who were free of microvascular complications from the UK Biobank. Incidence of diabetic microvascular complications was ascertained via electronic health records. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs. RESULTS: Median serum 25(OH)D concentration was 40.7 nmol/L (interquartile range 27.5, 56.4). During a median of 11.2 years of follow-up, 1,370 people developed diabetic microvascular complications. Compared with participants with 25(OH)D <25 nmol/L, individuals with 25(OH)D ≥75 nmol/L had a multivariable-adjusted HR of 0.65 (95% CI 0.51, 0.84) for composite diabetic microvascular complications, 0.62 (0.40, 0.95) for diabetic retinopathy, 0.56 (0.40, 0.79) for diabetic nephropathy, and 0.48 (0.26, 0.89) for diabetic neuropathy. In addition, in comparisons with participants with 25(OH)D <25 nmol/L and minor allele homozygotes (TT of rs1544410 and GG of rs731236), the multivariable-adjusted HRs of composite diabetic microvascular complications were 0.54 (0.38, 0.78) and 0.55 (0.38, 0.80) for participants with serum 25(OH)D ≥50 nmol/L and major allele homozygotes (CC and AA), respectively, although no significant interaction was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Higher serum 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly associated with lower risk of diabetic microvascular complications, including diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic neuropathy. Our findings suggest a potential beneficial role of maintaining adequate vitamin D status in the prevention of diabetic microvascular complications.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Models constructed with clinical data such as electronic health records, laboratory tests, and imaging are the most widely used due to their high accessibility.
“At the feature level, models constructed with clinical data such as EHR [148, 149], laboratory tests [150, 151], and imaging [152, 153] are the most widely used due to their high accessibility.”
From Artificial intelligence-powered prediction of diabetic complications: from clinical data to molecular omics (2026) · cites this paper as [149]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
2 retracted
Sofianopoulou, E., Kaptoge, S. K., Afzal, S., Jiang, T., Gill, D., Gundersen, T. E., Bolton, T. R., Allara, E., Arnold, M., Mason, A. M., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(21)00263-1 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
RetractedZhou, A., Selvanayagam, J. B., & Hyppönen, E. (2021) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab809 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
RetractedHolick, M. F., Binkley, N., Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Gordon, C. M., Hanley, D. A., Heaney, R. P., Murad, M. H., & Weaver, C. M. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0385 · Cited by 10,556 · see citing works
Sun, H., Saeedi, P., Karuranga, S., Pinkepank, M., Ogurtsova, K., Duncan, B. B., Stein, C., Basit, A., Chan, J. C. N., Mbanya, J. C., et al. (2022) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119 · Cited by 10,123 · see citing works
Vitamin D: Metabolism, Molecular Mechanism of Action, and Pleiotropic Effects
Christakos, S., Dhawan, P., Verstuyf, A., Verlinden, L., & Carmeliet, G. (2015) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00014.2015 · Cited by 1,965 · see citing works
Genetics of diabetes mellitus and diabetes complications
Cole, J. B., & Florez, J. C. (2020) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-020-0278-5 · Cited by 1,797 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Complications
Deshpande, A. D., Harris-Hayes, M., & Schootman, M. (2008) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20080020 · Cited by 1,773 · see citing works
Vitamin D Supplements and Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease
Manson, J. E., Cook, N. R., Lee, I.-M. M., Christen, W., Bassuk, S. S., Mora, S., Luttmann‐Gibson, H., Gordon, D., Copeland, T., D’Agostino, D., et al. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1809944 · Cited by 1,646 · see citing works
Self-citationVitamin D–Binding Protein and Vitamin D Status of Black Americans and White Americans
Powe, C. E., Evans, M. K., Wenger, J., Zonderman, A. B., Berg, A. H., Nalls, M., Tamez, H., Zhang, D., Bhan, I., Karumanchi, S. A., et al. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1306357 · Cited by 1,087 · see citing works
Scragg, R. K. R., Stewart, A. W., Waayer, D., Lawes, C. M. M., Toop, L. J., Sluyter, J., Murphy, J., Khaw, K., & Camargo, C. A. (2017) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2017.0175 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Algorithms for the Capture and Adjudication of Prevalent and Incident Diabetes in UK Biobank
Eastwood, S. V., Mathur, R., Atkinson, M. D., Brophy, S. T., Sudlow, C. L. M., Flaig, R., de Lusignan, S., Allen, N. E., & Chaturvedi, N. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162388 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Molecular Epidemiology of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Variants
Zmuda, J. M., Cauley, J. A., & Ferrell, R. E. (2000) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a018033 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Rutten‐Jacobs, L. C. A., Larsson, S. C., Malik, R., Rannikmäe, K., Sudlow, C. L. M., Dichgans, M., Markus, H. S., & Traylor, M. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k4168 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Genetic Variants and Associations of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations With Major Clinical Outcomes
Levin, G. P., Robinson‐Cohen, C., de Boer, I. H., Houston, D. K., Lohman, K., Liu, Y., Kritchevsky, S. B., Cauley, J. A., Tanaka, T., Ferrucci, L., et al. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.17304 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and the Risk of Stroke
Sun, Q., Pan, A., Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., & Rexrode, K. M. (2012) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.111.636910 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-citationHerrmann, M., SULLIVAN, D. R., Veillard, A.-S., McCorquodale, T., Straub, I. R., Scott, R. S., Laakso, M., Topliss, D. J., Jenkins, A. J., Blankenberg, S., et al. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-0180 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Zhang, Z., Yuan, W., Sun, L., Szeto, F. L., Wong, K. E., Li, X., Kong, J., & Li, Y. (2007) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5002296 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
de Boer, I. H., Zelnick, L. R., RUZINSKI, J. T., Friedenberg, G., Duszlak, J., Bubes, V. Y., Hoofnagle, A. N., Thadhani, R., Glynn, R. J., Buring, J. E., et al. (2019) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2019.17380 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationVitamin D and diabetes mellitus: Causal or casual association?
Grammatiki, M., Rapti, E., Karras, S. Ν., Ajjan, R., & Kotsa, K. (2017) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-016-9403-y · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Каронова, Т. Л., Stepanova, A. P., Bystrova, A. A., & Jude, E. B. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12092518 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Zhang, P., Guo, D., Xu, B., Huang, C., Yang, S., Wang, W., Liu, W., Deng, Y., Li, K., Liu, D., et al. (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc21-2193 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Xiao, Y., Wei, L., Xiong, X., Yang, M., & Sun, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.564738 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Zaki, M. E., Kamal, S., Basha, W. A., Youness, E. R., Ezzat, W. M., El-Bassyouni, H. T., & Amr, K. S. (2017) · Genes & Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2017.07.002 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Yang, S., Zhou, Q., Zhang, H., & Yi, B. (2019) · Kidney and Blood Pressure Research · doi:10.1159/000498838 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The Emerging Role of Vitamin D and Vitamin D Receptor in Diabetic Nephropathy
Lei, M., Liu, Z., & Guo, J. (2020) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2020/4137268 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Role of vitamin D in diabetic retinopathy: Pathophysiological and clinical aspects
Tecilazich, F., Formenti, A. M., & Giustina, A. (2020) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-020-09575-4 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Zhao, W., Xia, X., & Yin, J. (2021) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/cm9.0000000000001364 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Vitamin D and Diabetic Complications: True or False Prophet?
Alam, U., Arul-Devah, V., Javed, S., & Malik, R. A. (2016) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-016-0159-x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Race, Ancestry and Vitamin D Metabolism: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.
Hsu, S., Hoofnagle, A., Gupta, D., Gutiérrez, O. M., Peralta, C., Shea, S., Allen, N., Burke, G., Michos, E., Ix, J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa612 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Liu, Z., Liu, L., Chen, X., He, W., & Yu, X. (2014) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2014.05.052 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationModulatory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on eye disorders: A critical review
Nebbioso, M., Buomprisco, G., Pascarella, A., & Pescosolido, N. (2015) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2014.893504 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Wan, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, K., Chen, Y., Fang, S., Zhang, W., Wang, C., Li, Q., Xia, F., Wang, N., et al. (2019) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep-2019-0015 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Hamzawy, M., Gouda, S. A. A., Rashid, L., Morcos, M. A., Shoukry, H. S., & Sharawy, N. (2017) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-017-1402-6 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Alam, U., Najam, O., Al-Himdani, S., Bénoliel, S., Jinadev, P., Berry, J., Kew, M., Asghar, O., Petropoulos, I. N., & Malik, R. A. (2012) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03692.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Vitamin D3 improves lipophagy-associated renal lipid metabolism and tissue damage in diabetic mice
Lee, H., Lee, H., & Lim, Y. (2020) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2020.06.007 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Rasheed, M., Kantoush, N. A., El-Ghaffar, N. A., Farouk, H., Kamel, S. A., Ibrahim, A. A., Wahby, A. A., Mahmoud, E., Raslan, H. M., & Saleh, O. M. (2017) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/2042018817708910 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Xiong, R., Yuan, Y., Zhu, Z., Wu, Y., Ha, J. J., Han, X., Wang, W., & He, M. (2022) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2022.01.005 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Wan, Z., Geng, T., Li, R., Chen, X., Lu, Q., Lin, X., Chen, L., Guo, Y., Liu, L., Shan, Z., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqac183 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationYin, F., Liu, J., Fan, M., Zhou, X., & Zhang, X. (2017) · Nephrology · doi:10.1111/nep.13111 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fuentes-Barría, H., Aguilera-Eguía, R. A., Flores-Fernández, C., Angarita, L., Rojas-Gómez, D. M., Alarcón-Rivera, M., López-Soto, O., & Maureira-Sánchez, J. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26052153 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Zhao, S., Huang, Y., Ma, M., Li, B., Li, C., Zhu, X., Xu, X., Chen, H., Zhang, Y. Z., et al. (2024) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.032626 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Vitamin D and major chronic diseases
Zhao, S., Qian, F., Wan, Z., Chen, X., Pan, A., & Liu, G. (2024) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2024.04.018 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationPlasma Metabolomics Identifies Key Metabolites and Improves Prediction of Diabetic Retinopathy
Yang, S., Liu, R., Xin, Z., Zhu, Z., Chu, J., Zhong, P., Zhu, Z., Shang, X., Huang, W., Zhang, L., et al. (2024) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2024.07.004 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Chen, H., Zhang, Y., Miao, Y., Song, H., Tang, L., Liu, W., Li, W., Miao, J., & Li, X. (2024) · APOPTOSIS · doi:10.1007/s10495-024-01955-4 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Yao, M., Oduro, P. K., Akintibu, A. M., & Yan, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1298181 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Pang, C., Yu, H., Cai, Y., Song, M., Feng, F., Gao, L., Li, K., Chen, Y., Xie, J., Cheng, Y., et al. (2023) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3679 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Nuclear receptors in metabolism and diseases: Mechanistic and therapeutic insights
Zhu, C.-Y., Yu, P., Sun, Q., Hong, D., Yang, C., & Naranmandura, H. (2025) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107862 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Yang, C., Yu, Y., & An, J. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16091393 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Proteome atlas for mechanistic discovery and risk prediction of diabetic retinopathy
Yang, S., Xin, Z., Xiong, R., Zhu, Z., Li, H., Chen, Y., Zhong, Z., Du, L. Z., Zhu, Z., Shang, X., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-64634-1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Liang, Z., Wang, Z., Liu, X., & He, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1416344 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
He, Y., & Qu, L. (2024) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155833 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Petrea, C. E., Ghenciu, L. A., Iacob, R., Stoicescu, E. R., & Săndesc, D. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13010068 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ahi, S., Reiskarimian, A., Bagherzadeh, M. A., Rahmanian, Z., Pilban, P., & Sobhanian, S. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0324729 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mao, R., Zhou, G., Jing, D., Liu, H., Shen, M., & Li, J. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15173803 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Li, C., Fu, J., Ye, Y., Li, J., He, Y., & Fang, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1360525 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Zhong, P., Zhu, Z., Wang, Y., Huang, W., He, M., & Wang, W. (2023) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-023-04557-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Niu, X., Liu, H., Wang, Y., Lu, Y., Jiao, X., Ren, Y.-F., Yan, L., Zhang, S., Cao, H., & Shao, F. (2025) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112026 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Fischer, L. E., Moreno-Garcia, F., Tran, R., Harmon, A., Little, C., Domingue, G. A., Stewart, K. E., Giraud, F. M., & Thakral, R. (2023) · Surgical Endoscopy · doi:10.1007/s00464-023-10218-3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Wei, S., Pan, X., & Wei, J. (2024) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-024-01698-y · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Vitamin D status, vitamin D receptor polymorphisms, and risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity
Ma, J., Li, P., Wang, J., Zhang, H., Li, Z., Tao, L., Yang, X., Luo, Y., Guo, X., & Gao, B. (2025) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-025-01139-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Vitamins in neuropathy: pathophysiological and therapeutic roles
Chen, P., & Song, X. (2023) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000001194 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Frailty and risk of microvascular disease in adults with prediabetes
Zhong, P., Liu, R., Zhu, Z., Huang, W., & Wang, W. (2024) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2024.102942 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
An, P., Wan, S., Wang, L., Xu, T., Xu, T., Wang, Y., Liu, J., Li, K., Wang, X., He, J., et al. (2024) · Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.eng.2024.07.010 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationLuo, X., Ruan, Z., & Liu, L. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-93613-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, Y., Huang, Y., Hu, S., Liu, G., Zeng, T., Pan, A., & Liao, Y. (2024) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2024.119090 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationPRPF19 mediates the proteasomal degradation of VDR to exacerbate ferroptosis in diabetic nephropathy
He, Q., He, W., Ren, Y., Wu, W., Dong, H., Yuan, G., Ren, H., Wang, X., Lu, F., & Wang, D. (2025) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-025-02253-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Xie, X., Wu, C., Huang, Z., Zhou, Y., Huang, J., Dao, F., Yan, D., Deng, K., Lyu, H., Ma, C., et al. (2026) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbag083 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“At the feature level, models constructed with clinical data such as EHR [148, 149], laboratory tests [150, 151], and imaging [152, 153] are the most widely used due to their high accessibility.”
Fuentes-Barría, H., Aguilera-Eguía, R. A., Alarcón-Rivera, M., Angarita, L., & Flores-Fernández, C. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27062532 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Han, F., Pei, Z., Lyu, B., Zhang, X., Zhang, J., & Liu, J. (2025) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109641 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wang, J.-M., Miao, M.-Y., Jia, Y., Wang, X., Wu, X., Wan, Z., Zheng, Y., Qin, L., Li, F., & Chen, G. (2024) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111100 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationHuang, N., Su, X., Yu, T., Wu, X., Lu, B., Sun, W., Yao, L., Wang, M., Wang, Y., Wu, W., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1420088 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cao, L., Zhou, N., Zhang, D., Zhang, P., & Zhao, Y. Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1663019 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Addressing micronutrient requirements in type 2 diabetes: an international consensus report
Xia, J., Ge, Z., Qian, F., Li, S., Guasch‐Ferré, M., Yao, P., Franco, O. H., Zheng, M., Lee, D. H., Geng, T., et al. (2026) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101232 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationHuang, Q., Feng, D., Pan, L., Wang, H., Wu, Y., Zhong, B., Gong, J., Lin, H., & Fei, X. (2023) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.16352 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Taşkın, E., & Coşkun, M. E. (2025) · Ophthalmic Genetics · doi:10.1080/13816810.2025.2495947 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Han, Y.-N., Li, S., Wang, Y., Xiao, Z.-X., & Li, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1597521 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mansouri, F., & Seyed-Mohammadzad, M. (2025) · Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research · doi:10.1177/14791641251335925 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zeng, X., Lian, X., Wang, Y., Shang, X., & Yu, H. (2024) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-024-01499-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Vania, A., Samatra, D. P. G. P., Adnyana, I. M. O., Saraswati, M. R., Darwinata, A. E., & Widyadharma, I. P. E. (2025) · Journal of Neurogenetics · doi:10.1080/01677063.2025.2473705 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lan, R., Mao, L., Luo, T., Luo, W., Yao, Q., Ye, H., Hu, J., Yang, S., Li, Q., Wang, Z., et al. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.70107 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationDirim, M. G., Hasanoğlu, S., Şenkal, N., Tunçel, F. C., Oyacı, Y., Medetalibeyoğlu, A., Köse, M., Pehlivan, S., & Tükek, T. (2025) · Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1093/labmed/lmaf078 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zeng, J. S., Qian, Y., Yang, J., Chen, X., Fu, C., Che, Z., Feng, Y., & Yin, J. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28229 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationXu, R., Shao, X., Qiao, H., Yan, H., & Xue, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1421953 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Xu, C., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Wen, Z., & Cheng, F. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37409 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of functional foods in diabetes management
Mirzaei, M., Alahyaribeik, S., Mirdamadi, N., Fang, Y., & Hazaveh, M. N. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-28862-3.00020-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Li, L., Chen, X., & Yi, X. (2025) · Ophthalmic Genetics · doi:10.1080/13816810.2025.2470206 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationCheng, Z., Luo, Y., Zhu, Q.-Y., Wang, Y., Ren, W.-Y., Deng, F., Bo, L., Jiang, X., Lei, S., & Wu, L. (2025) · Nutrition and Diabetes · doi:10.1038/s41387-025-00369-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wang, J., Wang, C., Tang, M., Lin, W., Zhou, Y., Feng, Y., Cui, H., & Xu, R. (2025) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-025-07575-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lei, C., Jiang, F., Zhang, L., Ran, Q., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, M. (2025) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/bmri/2828949 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fekri, S., Hosseini, M., Hassanzadeh, G., Nouri, H., Safi, S., Ahmadi, N., Khorrami, Z., & Abtahi, S.-H. (2026) · International Journal of Retina and Vitreous · doi:10.1186/s40942-026-00822-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Beyond bones, vitamin D as a sunshine hormone in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications
Chen, X., Qiu, S., Jiang, J., & Wu, Q. (2026) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.115153 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, R., Dong, C., Li, R., Wang, Q., Sun, A., & Huang, Z. (2026) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuag010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationGene–Lifestyle Synergy in Diabetic Retinopathy Development
Yang, S., Xin, Z., Liu, B., Huang, Y., Zhu, Z., Tan, S., He, M., Tham, Y. C., Cheng, C., & Wang, W. (2026) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.04.017 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lv, X., Pan, B., Wang, Y., Guo, X., & Liu, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1803600 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Correlation of vitamin D and diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: A cross-sectional study
Yao, C., Wang, L. H., Zhang, H., Yang, W., Zhong, Y., Han, W., Xu, J., Chen, Y., Wang, P., & Zhang, S. (2026) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/03000605261463663 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chen, T., & Feng, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1890018 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Xia, D., & Zang, J. (2023) · PubMed Central · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Safwan, N., Mantzoros, C. S., Rahme, M., Baddoura, R., Halaby, G., & Fuleihan, G. E. (2025) · Metabolism Open · doi:10.1016/j.metop.2025.100357 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Xu, Y., Dong, B., Tang, Y., Jiang, Y., Huang, T., Jiang, F., Xing, W., Chen, J., & Zhu, F. (2025) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-025-01928-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
He, J., Kang, J., Zhou, M. L., Zhou, X., Yin, Y., & Zhu, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1541961 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Li, C., Zeng, J., Huang, X., Li, Y., Lett, A. M., Wu, Y., You, Q., Fu, W., & Xu, S. (2025) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-025-01161-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Typ-2-Diabetes: Vitamin D schützt vor mikrovaskulären Komplikationen
Lichert, F. (2023) · Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel · doi:10.1055/a-1945-1928
Sataieva, T., Malygina, V., Makalish, T. P., Kriventsov, M. A., & Gurtovaya, A. (2024) · Drug development & registration · doi:10.33380/2305-2066-2024-13-4-1857
Vitamin D: a potential prevention for type 2 DM?
Mohsin, H., Khan, H., & Malikzai, A. (2025) · International Journal of Surgery Global Health · doi:10.1097/gh9.0000000000000526
Bai, M., Yan, D., Feng, R., Ran, X., Chen, D., Wang, C., Chen, L., Lin, S., He, S., Liu, Y., et al. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.70109
Self-citationXiang, J., Lv, N., Yin, S., Liu, F., Liu, F., Kuang, J., & Sun, J. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6879564/v1
Sharifi, A., Nouri, M., Shakiba, E., Ghorbani, Z., & Rahimi, Z. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis · doi:10.1002/jcla.70090
Gomina, M., Alassani, A. C., Guidimbaye, D. N., Sanni, S., Basson, R., Aidjinou, J.-B., Zoungrana, L., Djibril, A.-B., & Gninkoun, J. C. (2025) · Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases · doi:10.4236/ojemd.2025.1510020
Impacto de la suplementación de vitamina D en el metabolismo de glucosa en diabetes tipo 2
Hernández, C. P., Riveroll, A. S. L., Ariza‐Ortega, J. A., Delgado‐Olivares, L., & Zafra‐Rojas, Q. Y. (2025) · Revista Multidisciplinaria Voces de América y el Caribe · doi:10.69821/remuvac.v2i2.197
Association Between Vitamin D and Diabetic Kidney Disease
Altay, F. P., İYİDİR, Ö. T., & Güllü, S. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15010153
Tang, S., Jiang, L., Sun, W., An, X., Kang, X., Zhao, X., Gao, Q., Li, Z., Liu, C., Ji, H., et al. (2026) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-025-07622-9
Liu, H., Sun, X., Liu, J., & Chang, Z. (2026) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2026.113060
Mao, R., Yu, Q., Zhang, T., Meng, X., & Li, J. (2026) · JDDG Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft · doi:10.1111/ddg.15978
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Vitamin D
汤倩倩 (2026) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2026.162753
The role of clinical laboratory parameters in diabetic neuropathy: correlations and recent advances
Guo, R., Lou, P., Li, M., Tian, M., Gao, L., Ma, H., Liu, Y., & Jiang, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1743898
Wei, L., He, M., Zhao, Q., Zhao, X., & Chen, Y. (2026) · Advances in Ophthalmology Practice and Research · doi:10.1016/j.aopr.2026.03.002
Stage-related differences in retinal sublayer thickness across the full course of type 2 diabetes
Li, Q., He, J., Lai, C., Li, L., Kong, H., Su, T., Cao, J., Du, Z., Wang, S., Fang, Y., et al. (2026) · Visual Neuroscience · doi:10.48130/vns-0026-0014
Xu, Z., Bai, S., He, C., Lv, X., Li, Q., Mao, Q., 伍海建, & Wang, P. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1792532
Saha, S., Pandey, P., Ganguly, I., Kumar, R., Roy, S., Misra, R., Bandyopadhyay, S., Banerjee, A., Mondal, A., & Mahapatra, S. S. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.108923
Proteomic clocks combined with deep learning phenotypes track eye aging and diseases
Yang, S., Xin, Z., Li, H., Zhu, Z., Zhu, Z., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Xiong, R., Zhou, M., He, M., et al. (2026) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02805-0
Chen, S., Zheng, S., Yan, Y., Lin, L., Zhou, X., Chen, N., & Chen, J. (2026) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000049091
Mechanisms and Research Progress of Diabetic Retinopathy Induced by Obesity and Vitamin D Deficiency
谢, 雨. (2026) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2026.1672556
Koroy, P., Yagoda, A., Demurcheva, E. O., & Dudov, T. R. (2026) · Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология · doi:10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-240-8-5-12
- Authors
- Chen, X., Wan, Z., Geng, T., Zhu, K., Li, R., Lu, Q., Lin, X., Liu, S., Chen, L., Guo, Y., Shan, Z., Liu, L., Pan, A., Manson, J. E., & Liu, G.
- Affiliations
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology (CN)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Gang
- ORCID
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2022-09-28
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 270-277
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W4297460859
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 8
- FWCI
- 10.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Research Funds for the Central Universities (2021GCRC075, 2021GCRC076)
- National Nature Science Foundation of China (2021CFA048, 81930124, 82021005, 82073554)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Folate and B Vitamins Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
- Keywords
- vitamin D status, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, VDR polymorphisms, type 2 diabetes, diabetic microvascular complications, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, rs1544410, rs731236, vitamin D deficiency, genetic susceptibility, vitamin D supplementation, UK Biobank, electronic health records
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diabetic Nephropathies, Diabetic Neuropathies, Diabetic Retinopathy, Humans, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency, Vitamins, Receptors, Calcitriol
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
