Epidemiology of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Complications
Open accessAbstract
In 2005, it was estimated that more than 20 million people in the United States had diabetes. Approximately 30% of these people had undiagnosed cases. Increased risk for diabetes is primarily associated with age, ethnicity, family history of diabetes, smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity. Diabetes-related complications—including cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, neuropathy, blindness, and lower-extremity amputation—are a significant cause of increased morbidity and mortality among people with diabetes, and result in a heavy economic burden on the US health care system. With advances in treatment for diabetes and its associated complications, people with diabetes are living longer with their condition. This longer life span will contribute to further increases in the morbidity associated with diabetes, primarily in elderly people and in minority racial or ethnic groups. In 2050, the number of people in the United States with diagnosed diabetes is estimated to grow to 48.3 million. Results from randomized controlled trials provide evidence that intensive lifestyle interventions can prevent or delay the onset of diabetes in high-risk individuals. In addition, adequate and sustained control of blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and blood lipid levels can prevent or delay the onset of diabetes-related complications in people with diabetes. Effective interventions, at both the individual and population levels, are desperately needed to slow the diabetes epidemic and reduce diabetes-related complications in the United States. This report describes the current diabetes epidemic and the health and economic impact of diabetes complications on individuals and on the health care system. The report also provides suggestions by which the epidemic can be curbed.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
More than 35% of individuals with type 2 diabetes are co-diagnosed with ASCVD, HF or CKD.
“Because of the shared pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiorenal conditions, coupled with the micro- and macrovascular consequences of chronic unmitigated hyperglycaemia, more than 35% of individuals with type 2 diabetes are co-diagnosed with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), congestive heart failure (HF) or chronic kidney disease (C”
From Racial and ethnic disparities in the uptake of SGLT2is and GLP-1RAs among Medicare beneficiaries with type 2 diabetes and heart failure, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease, 2013–2019 (2025) · cites this paper as [1]
The Heart Disease and Stroke and Nephropathy (Renal Disease) sections discuss cardiovascular and kidney complications of diabetes, but neither gives the proportion of people with type 2 diabetes co-diagnosed with ASCVD, heart failure, or CKD. Searches for “more than 35%” and the named conditions found no passage establishing that figure. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199309303291401 · Cited by 24,667 · see citing works
Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic
Zimmet, P., Alberti, K. G. M. M., & Shaw, J. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/414782a · Cited by 5,883 · see citing works
Stearne, M. R., Palmer, S. L., Hammersley, M. S., Franklin, S. L., Spivey, R. S., Lévy, J., Tidy, C. R., Bell, N. J., Steemson, J., Barrow, B. A., et al. (1998) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 4,803 · see citing works
Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2002
American Diabetes Association (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.3.917 · Cited by 4,147 · see citing works
Stamler, J., Vaccaro, O., Neaton, J. D., Wentworth, D., & The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group (1993) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.16.2.434 · Cited by 4,063 · see citing works
Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women.
Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G., Liu, S., Solomon, C. G., & Willett, W. C. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa010492 · Cited by 2,901 · see citing works
Glucagon-like peptide-1 7–36: a physiological incretin in man
Kreymann, B., Ghatei, M. A., Williams, G., & Bloom, S. R. (1987) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(87)91194-9 · Cited by 1,928 · see citing works
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes–2006
American Diabetes Association (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.29.s1.06.s4 · Cited by 1,884 · see citing works
Boulton, A. J. M., Vinik, A. I., Arezzo, J. C., Bril, V., Feldman, E. L., Freeman, R., Malik, R. A., Maser, R. E., Sosenko, J. M., & Ziegler, D. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.4.956 · Cited by 1,859 · see citing works
Pathways to Diabetic Limb Amputation: Basis for Prevention
Pecoraro, R. E., Reiber, G. E., & Burgess, E. M. (1990) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.13.5.513 · Cited by 1,585 · see citing works
Kinaan, M., Ding, H., & Triggle, C. R. (2015) · Medical Principles and Practice · doi:10.1159/000381643 · Cited by 1,515 · see citing works
Vascular risk factors and diabetic neuropathy
Tesfaye, S., Chaturvedi, N., Eaton, S. E. M., Ward, J. D., Manes, C., Ionescu-Tirgoviste, C., Witte, D. R., & Fuller, J. H. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa032782 · Cited by 1,323 · see citing works
Onset of NIDDM occurs at Least 4–7 yr Before Clinical Diagnosis
Harris, M. I., Klein, R., Welborn, T. A., & Knuiman, M. W. (1992) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.15.7.815 · Cited by 1,306 · see citing works
Pirart, J. (1978) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.1.3.168 · Cited by 1,290 · see citing works
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes–2006
Tseng, K. H. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-0805 · Cited by 1,099 · see citing works
Diabetes-Related Microvascular and Macrovascular Diseases in the Physical Therapy Setting
Cade, W. T. (2008) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20080008 · Cited by 1,096 · see citing works
Diabetic nephropathy in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes: An epidemiological study
Andersen, A., Christiansen, J. S., ANDERSEN, J. K., Kreiner, S., & Deckert, T. (1983) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00284458 · Cited by 1,064 · see citing works
Projection of Diabetes Burden Through 2050
Boyle, J. P., Honeycutt, A. A., Narayan, K. M. V., Hoerger, T. J., Geiss, L. S., Chen, H., & Thompson, T. J. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.11.1936 · Cited by 1,004 · see citing works
Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
American Diabetes Association (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.29.s1.06.s43 · Cited by 924 · see citing works
Sima, A. A. F., Thomas, P. K., Ishii, D. N., & Vinik, A. (1997) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf03168192 · Cited by 823 · see citing works
Long-term antihypertensive treatment inhibiting progression of diabetic nephropathy
Mogensen, C. E. (1982) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.285.6343.685 · Cited by 763 · see citing works
Physical Activity of Moderate Intensity and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Jeon, C. Y., Lokken, R. P., Hu, F. B., & van Dam, R. M. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1842 · Cited by 758 · see citing works
Trends in cardiovascular complications of diabetes
Fox, C. S. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.20.2495 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
Depression and Risk for Onset of Type II Diabetes: A prospective population-based study
Eaton, W. W., Armenian, H. K., Gallo, J. J., Pratt, L., & Ford, D. E. (1996) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.19.10.1097 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Impact of Recent Increase in Incidence on Future Diabetes Burden
Narayan, K. M. V., Boyle, J. P., Geiss, L. S., Saaddine, J. B., & Thompson, T. J. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1136 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Gregg, E. W., Sorlie, P. D., Paulose‐Ram, R., Gu, Q., Eberhardt, M. S., WOLZ, M. M., Burt, V. L., Curtin, L. R., Engelgau, M. M., & Geiss, L. S. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.7.1591 · Cited by 586 · see citing works
The burden of diabetic foot ulcers
Reiber, G., Lipsky, B. A., & Gibbons, G. (1998) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0002-9610(98)00181-0 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Long‐term prognosis for diabetic patients with foot ulcers
Apelqvist, J., Larsson, J., & AGARDH, C. ‐. (1993) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.1993.tb01003.x · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Vinik, A. I., Park, T. S., Stansberry, K. B., & Pittenger, G. L. (2000) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250051477 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2002Preprint
Dall, T. M., Nikolov, P., & Hogan, P. F. (2003) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 483 · see citing works
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
Ward, R. (2011) · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Declining Incidence of Nephropathy in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Bojestig, M., Arnqvist, H. J., Hermansson, G., Karlberg, B. E., & Ludvigsson, J. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199401063300103 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Feldt-Rasmussen, B., Mathiesen, E., & Deckert, T. (1986) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91433-9 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
WANG, P. (1993) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)90816-y · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Schulz, L. O., Bennett, P. H., Ravussin, E., Kidd, J. R., Kidd, K. K., Esparza, J., & Valencia, M. E. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-0138 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
(2008) · Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods · doi:10.4135/9781412963947.n318 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Will, J. C., Galuska, D. A., Ford, E. S., Mokdad, A., & Calle, E. E. (2001) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/30.3.540 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Hilton, T. N., Tuttle, L. J., Bohnert, K. L., Mueller, M. J., & Sinacore, D. R. (2008) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20080079 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Decreasing Incidence of Severe Diabetic Microangiopathy in Type 1 Diabetes
Hovind, P. H., Tarnow, L., Rossing, K., Rossing, P. R., Eising, S., Larsen, N., Binder, C., & Parving, H. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.4.1258 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Adler, A., Boyko, E. J., Ahroni, J. H., Stensel, V. L., Forsberg, R. C., & Smith, D. G. (1997) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.20.7.1162 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Skyler, J. S., & Oddo, C. (2002) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.289 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Gall, M. ‐., Rossing, P. R., Sk�tt, P., Damsbo, P., Vaag, A. A., Bech, K., Dejgaard, A., Lauritzen, M., Lauritzen, E., Hougaard, P., et al. (1991) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00400995 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Manufactured Shoes in the Prevention of Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Uccioli, L., Faglia, E., Monticone, G., Favales, F., Durola, L., Aldeghi, A., Quarantiello, A., Calia, P., & Menzinger, G. (1995) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.18.10.1376 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus.
(2006) · PubMed · Cited by 333 · see citing works
The Direct Medical Cost of Type 2 Diabetes
Brändle, M., Zhou, H., Smith, B. R. K., Marriott, D. J., Burke, R., Tabaei, B. P., Brown, M. B., & Herman, W. H. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.8.2300 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Lifetime Costs of Complications Resulting From Type 2 Diabetes in the U.S.
Jaime, J., Ward, A. J., & O’Brien, J. A. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.3.476 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Long Term Prognosis After Healed Amputation in Patients With Diabetes
Larsson, J., Agardh, C., Apelqvist, J., & Stenstr�m, A. (1998) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1097/00003086-199805000-00021 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Predictors of Health Care Costs in Adults With Diabetes
Gilmer, T., O’Connor, P. J., Rush, W. A., Crain, A. L., Whitebird, R. R., Hanson, A. M., & Solberg, L. I. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.1.59 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Pirart, J. (1977) · PubMed · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Skeletal muscle insulin resistance: roles of fatty acid metabolism and exercise
Turcotte, L. P., & Fisher, J. S. (2008) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20080018 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Marshall, M. (2005) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pgmj.2004.028274 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Estimated Number of Adults With Prediabetes in the U.S. in 2000
Benjamin, S. M., Valdez, R. A., Geiss, L. S., Rolka, D. B., & Narayan, K. M. V. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.3.645 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Kofoed‐Enevoldsen, A., Borch‐Johnsen, K., Kreiner, S., Nerup, J., & Deckert, T. (1987) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.36.2.205 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Increased incidence of diabetes mellitus in relation to abdominal adiposity in older women
Kaye, S. A., Folsom, A. R., Sprafka, J. M., Prineas, R. J., & Wallace, R. B. (1991) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(91)90044-a · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Recent trends in cardiovascular complications among men and women with and without diabetes
Booth, G. L., Kapral, M. K., Fung, K., & Tu, J. V. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.29.01.06.dc05-0776 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
The burden of diabetes and its complications: Trends and implications for intervention
Chaturvedi, N. (2007) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2007.01.019 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Depressive Symptoms and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women
Arroyo, C., Hu, F. B., RYAN, L. M., Kawachi, I. I., Colditz, G. A., Speizer, F. E., & Manson, J. E. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.1.129 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Health outcomes among Hispanic subgroups: data from the National Health Interview Survey, 1992-95.
Hajat, A., Lucas, J. B., & Kington, R. S. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes: Focus on Ethnic Minorities
Egede, L. E., & Dagogo-Jack, S. E. (2005) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2005.03.004 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Neighborhood Characteristics and Components of the Insulin Resistance Syndrome in Young Adults
Roux, A. V. D., Jacobs, D. R., & Kiefe, C. I. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.11.1976 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Exercise and Glycemic Control in Diabetes: Benefits, Challenges, and Adjustments to Pharmacotherapy
Gulve, E. A. (2008) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20080114 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Candrilli, S. D., Davis, K. L., Kan, H. J., Lucero, M. A., & Rousculp, M. D. (2007) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2006.08.002 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
O’Brien, J. A., Patrick, A. R., & Jaime, J. (2003) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0149-2918(03)80122-4 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
A Dynamic Markov Model for Forecasting Diabetes Prevalence in the United States through 2050
Honeycutt, A., Boyle, J. P., Broglio, K. R., Thompson, T. J., Hoerger, T. J., Geiss, L. S., & Narayan, K. M. V. (2003) · Health Care Management Science · doi:10.1023/a:1024467522972 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Larsson, J., & Apelqvist, J. (1995) · Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica · doi:10.3109/17453679508995520 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Schootman, M., Andresen, E. M., Wolinsky, F. D., Malmstrom, T. K., Miller, J. P., Yan, Y., & Miller, D. K. (2007) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwm190 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationApplication of Economic Analysis to Diabetes and Diabetes Care
Zhang, P., Engelgau, M. M., Norris, S. L., Gregg, E. W., & Narayan, K. M. V. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-140-11-200406010-00039 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The diabetic foot: the scope of the problem.
Boulton, A. J., & Vileikyte, L. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The epidemiology of diabetic neuropathy
Shaw, J. E., & Zimmet, P. (1999) · Diabetes reviews · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Plantar Stresses on the Neuropathic Foot During Barefoot Walking
Mueller, M. J., Zou, D., Bohnert, K. L., Tuttle, L. J., & Sinacore, D. R. (2008) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20080011 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Glycemic Control Is Related to the Morphological Severity of Diabetic Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy
Perkins, B. A., Greene, D. A., & Bril, V. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.4.748 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The epidemiology of diabetes mellitus: an international perspective.
Ekoé, J. M., Zimmet, P., & Williams, D. R. R. (2001) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The Epidemiology of Diabetic Neuropathy
Boyko, E. J. (1998) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1816-6_1 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Overweight and mortality in Mexican Americans.
D, M. P. S. M., Patterson, J. K., Mitchell, B. D., Haffner, S. M., & Hazuda, H. P. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Inflammatory Osteolysis in Diabetic Neuropathic (Charcot) Arthropathies of the Foot
Sinacore, D. R., Hastings, M. K., Bohnert, K. L., Fielder, F. A., Villareal, D. T., Blair, V. P., & Johnson, J. E. (2008) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20080025 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Psychosocial and non-psychosocial risk factors for the new diagnosis of diabetes in elderly women
Strodl, E. S., & Kenardy, J. A. (2006) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2006.02.011 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Chemoprevention strategies for the control of cancer
Lippman, S. M., Benner, S. E., & Hong, W. K. (1993) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19930801)72:3+ · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Use of the Therapeutic Footwear Benefit Among Diabetic Medicare Beneficiaries in Three States, 1995
Sugarman, J. R., Reiber, G. E., Baumgardner, G. A., et al. (1998) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.21.5.777 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Kirkness, C. S., Marcus, R. L., LaStayo, P. C., Asche, C. V., & Fritz, J. M. (2008) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20080129 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
King, K. D., Jones, J. D., & Warthen, J. (2005) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/aj690587 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Delineating the relationship between stress, depressive symptoms, and glucose intolerance.
Grandinetti, A., Kaholokula, J. K., & Chang, H. K. (2000) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.23.9.1443 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Preventing microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes
Jermendy, G., & Ruggenenti, P. L. (2006) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.693 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The management of lower-extremity diabetic ulcers.
Gonzalez, E. R., & Oley, M. A. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Economics of Diabetes Mellitus
Krein, S. L., Funnell, M. M., & Piette, J. D. (2006) · Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.cnur.2006.07.003 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cohn, R. (2008) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20070383 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Welborn, T. A. (2001) · doi:10.1002/0470846429.ch22 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Benjamin SM, Valdez R, Geiss LS, et al. Es- timated number of adults with prediabetes in the US in 2000: opportunities for preven- tion. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:645-649.
- Rewers M, Hamman RF. Risk factors for non-insulin-dependent diabetes. In: Harris MI, Cowie CC, Stern MP, et al, eds. Dia- betes in America. 2nd ed. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National In- stitute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kid- ney Diseases; 1995:179 -220. NIH publica- tion 95-1468.
- Geiss LS, Herman WH, Smith PJ. Mortality in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. In: Har- ris MI, Cowie CC, Stern MP, et al, eds. Diabetes in America. 2nd ed. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 1995:233-257. NIH pub- lication 95-1468.
- Boulton AJ, Vinik AI, Arezzo JC, et al. Dia- betic neuropathies: a statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:956 -962.
- Eaton S, Tesfaye S. Clinical manifestations and measurement of somatic neuropathy. Diabetes Review. 1997;7:312-325.
- Slyke MP. Painful peripheral diabetic neu- ropathy: therapeutic approaches. Consult Pharm. 2000;15:544 -555.
- Reiber GE, Boyko EJ, Smith DG. Lower extremity foot ulcers and amputation in diabetes. In: Harris MI, Cowie CC, Stern MP, et al, eds. Diabetes in America. 2nd ed. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 1995:409 - 428. NIH publication 95-1468.
- Palumbo PJ, Melton LJ III. Peripheral vas- cular disease and diabetes. In: Harris MI, Cowie CC, Stern MP, et al, eds. Diabetes in America. 2nd ed. Bethesda, MD: Na- tional Institutes of Health, National Insti- tute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 1995:401-408. NIH publication 95-1468.
- Larsson J, Apelqvist J. Towards less ampu- tations in diabetic patients. Acta Orthop Scand. 1995;66:181-192.
- Hogan P, Dall T, Nikolov P; American Di- abetes Association. Economic costs of di- abetes in the US in 2002. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:917-932.
- Krein SL, Funnell MM, Piette JD. Econom- ics of diabetes mellitus. Nurs Clin North Am. 2006;41:499 -511, v-vi.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease
Fan, Y., & Pedersen, O. (2021) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-020-0433-9 · Cited by 4,724 · see citing works
Hilton, T. N., Tuttle, L. J., Bohnert, K. L., Mueller, M. J., & Sinacore, D. R. (2008) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20080079 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Effect of lifestyle intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis
Chen, L., Pei, J.-H., Kuang, J., Chen, H.-M., Chen, Z., Li, Z.-W., & Yang, H.-Z. (2015) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.018 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Jani, P. D., Forbes, L., Choudhury, A., Preisser, J. S., Viera, A. J., & Garg, S. (2017) · JAMA Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.1150 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Ravaut, M., Sadeghi, H., Leung, K. K., Volkovs, M., Kornas, K., Harish, V., Watson, T., Lewis, G. F., Weisman, A., Poutanen, T., et al. (2021) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-021-00394-8 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Angermayr, L., Melchart, D., & Linde, K. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9206-4 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Chen, X., Wan, Z., Geng, T., Zhu, K., Li, R., Lu, Q., Lin, X., Liu, S., Chen, L., Guo, Y., et al. (2023) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc22-0513 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The Omnipresence of DYRK1A in Human Diseases
Deboever, E., Fistrovich, A., Hulme, C., & Dunckley, T. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23169355 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Sluik, D., Boeing, H., Li, K., Kaaks, R., Johnsen, N. F., Tjønneland, A., Arriola, L., Barricarte, A., Masala, G., Grioni, S., et al. (2014) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-013-3074-y · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Type 2 diabetes and fracture risk in older women
Zoulakis, M., Johansson, L., Litsne, H., Axelsson, K., & Lorentzon, M. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.25106 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Fan, Y., Long, E., Cai, L., Cao, Q., Wu, X., & Tong, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.665951 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Tobacco and alcohol use disorders: evaluating multimorbidity
MacLean, R. R., Sofuoglu, M., & Rosenheck, R. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.11.006 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Ding, X.-W., Li, R., Geetha, T., Tao, Y.-X., & Babu, J. R. (2020) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165858 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Aleppo, G., Hirsch, I. B., Parkin, C. G., McGill, J., Galindo, R., Kruger, D. F., Levy, C. J., Forlenza, G. P., Umpierrez, G. E., Grunberger, G., et al. (2023) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2023.0268 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Gosak, L., Martinović, K., Lorber, M., & Stiglic, G. (2022) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.13894 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“With advances in the care and treatment of type 2 diabetes and its complications, people with diabetes can live with their condition for longer (Deshpande et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2010).”
BackgroundHuang, Q., Zou, X., Lian, Z., Zhou, X., Han, X., Luo, Y., Chen, S., Wang, Y., Wu, S., & Ji, L. (2025) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-025-02611-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Wang, E., Patorno, E., Khosrow-Khavar, F., Crystal, S., & Dave, C. V. (2025) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-024-06321-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…conditions, coupled with the micro-and macro-vascular consequences of chronic unmitigated hypergly-caemia, more than 35% of individuals with type 2 diabetes are co-diagnosed with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), congestive heart failure (HF) or chronic kidney disease (CKD) [1, 2].”
A Roadmap to an Equitable Digital Diabetes Ecosystem
Kerr, D., Klonoff, D. C., Bergenstal, R. M., Choudhary, P., & Ji, L. (2023) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2022.12.016 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Caballero-María, P., Caballero-Villarraso, J., Arenas-Montes, J., Díaz-Cáceres, A., Castañeda-Nieto, S., Alcalá-Díaz, J. F., Delgado-Lista, J., Rodríguez-Cantalejo, F., Pérez-Martínez, P., López-Miranda, J., et al. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15042228 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Does the encounter type matter when defining diabetes complications in electronic health records?
Hong, D., Shen, Y., Monnette, A., Liu, S., Shao, H., Nauman, E., Price-Haywood, E., Hu, G., & Shi, L. (2020) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000001297 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Chawla, I., Dhanawat, M., Sharma, M., & Gupta, S. (2025) · Current Diabetes Reviews · doi:10.2174/0115733998275676240202065952 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Deshpande, A. D., Harris-Hayes, M., & Schootman, M.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- M Harris-Hayes, PT, DPT, OCS, is Assistant Professor, Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine.
- Corresponding author
- Deshpande, Anjali D
- ORCID
- Schootman, Mario
- Venue
- Physical Therapy
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2008-11-01
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1254-1264
- ISSN
- 0031-9023 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-6724
- PMC
- PMC3870323
- OpenAlex
- W2165560933
- Cited by
- 1,773
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 86 · 2025: 180 · 2024: 247 · 2023: 219 · 2022: 207 · 2021: 160 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 76 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 4.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Physical Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000448)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024992)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Keywords
- diabetes epidemiology, diabetes complications, cardiovascular disease, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, lower limb amputation, economic burden of diabetes, diabetes prevention, intensive lifestyle intervention, glycemic control, blood pressure control, lipid control, diabetes prevalence projections, health disparities, diabetes risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic Retinopathy, Humans, Risk Factors, United States, Incidence, Prevalence, Peripheral Vascular Diseases, Age Distribution, Diabetes Complications
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
