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Increased insulin resistance and insulin secretion in nondiabetic African-Americans and Hispanics compared with non-Hispanic whites. The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study

Haffner, Steven M, Ralph, D'Agostino, Saad, Mohammed F, Rewers, Marian, Mykkänen, Leena, Selby, Joseph, Howard, George, Savage, Peter J, Hamman, Richard F, Wegenknecht, Lynne E, Bergman, Richard N·1996·Diabetes

DOI 10.2337/diab.45.6.742

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Abstract

The etiology of NIDDM is still controversial, with both insulin resistance and decreased insulin secretion postulated as potential important factors. African-Americans and Hispanics have a two- to threefold excess risk of developing NIDDM compared with non-Hispanic whites. Yet little is known concerning the prevalence of insulin resistance and secretion defects in minorities, especially in African-Americans in population-based studies. Fasting and 2-h post-glucose load glucose and insulin levels, insulin-mediated glucose disposal (insulin sensitivity index) (S(I)), glucose effectiveness (S(G)), and first-phase insulin response (acute insulin response [AIR]) were determined in nondiabetic African-Americans (n= 288), Hispanics (n= 363), and non-Hispanic whites (n= 435) as part of the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Subjects received a standard 2-h oral glucose tolerance test on the first day and an insulin-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test on the second day. African-Americans and Hispanics were more obese than non-Hispanic whites. Both African-Americans and Hispanics had higher fasting and 2-h insulin concentrations and AIR but lower S(I) than non-Hispanic whites. No ethnic difference was observed in S(G). After further adjustments for obesity, body fat distribution, and behavioral factors, African-Americans continued to have higher fasting and 2-h insulin levels and AIR, but lower S(I) than non-Hispanic whites. In contrast, after adjustment for these covariates, no significant ethnic differences in S(I) or fasting insulin levels were observed between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. Hispanics continued to have higher 2-h insulin levels and AIRs than those in non-Hispanic whites. In this report, the association between S(I) and upper body adiposity (waist-to-hip, ratio) was similar in each ethnic group. Both nondiabetic African-Americans and Hispanics have increased insulin resistance and higher AIR than nondiabetic non-Hispanic whites, suggesting that greater insulin resistance may be in large part responsible for the higher prevalence of NIDDM in these minority groups. However, in Hispanics. the greater insulin resistance may be due to greater adiposity and other behavioral factors.

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Background
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Ader, M., Garvey, W. T., Phillips, L. S., Nemeroff, C. B., Gharabawi, G. M., Mahmoud, R. A., Greenspan, A. J., Berry, S. A., Musselman, D. L., Morein, J., et al. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.01.004 · Cited by 48
“Given known ethnic differences in SI, adiposity, and diabetes risk (Haffner et al., 1996; Fujimoto et al., 1995; Cossrow and Falkner, 2004), particularly among African Americans and Hispanics (Cossrow and Falkner, 2004), post hoc analyses of treatment effects were performed on adiposity and…”
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Relative role of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction in the progression to type 2 diabetes—The Kinmen Study
Li, C., Tsai, S., & Chou, P. (2003) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/s0168-8227(02)00249-8 · Cited by 49
Higher Acute Insulin Response to Glucose May Determine Greater Free Fatty Acid Clearance in African-American Women
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Reduced Coronary Artery and Abdominal Aortic Calcification in Hispanics With Type 2 Diabetes
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Ethnic differences in hepatic and systemic insulin sensitivity and their associated determinants in obese black and white South African women
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Determining the Waist Circumference in African Americans Which Best Predicts Insulin Resistance
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“As African Americans are more insulin resistant than whites (2), ethnic differences in the severity of insulin resistance may contribute to the difference in death rates from cardiovascular disease and diabetes.”
Background
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 in PCOS: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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“African and Hispanic Americans have higher insulin resistance than whites after adjusting for BMI (Haffner et al., 1994; Haffner et al., 1996; Diaz et al., 2005).”
Background
Racial differences in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations and insulin dynamics during oral glucose tolerance test in obese subjects
Velasquez‐Mieyer, P., Cowan, P. A., Umpierrez, G. E., Lustig, R. H., Cashion, A. K., & Burghen, G. A. (2003) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802415 · Cited by 46
Overexpression of FoxO1 in the Hypothalamus and Pancreas Causes Obesity and Glucose Intolerance
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“Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/97/3/793/2536325 by guest on 30 July 2018 rived from fasting values (HOMA -cell), the OGTT ( I0–30/ G0–30), or the frequently sampled iv glucose tolerance test (acute insulin response) is not impaired in Mexican-Americans in previous studies such as the SA…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
The Interrelationships between Abdominal Adiposity, Leptin and Bone Mineral Content in Overweight Latino Children
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Exaggerated insulin secretion in Pima Indians and African-Americans but higher insulin resistance in Pima Indians compared to African-Americans and Caucasians
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Reduced Insulin Clearance and Insulin-Degrading Enzyme Activity Contribute to Hyperinsulinemia in African Americans
Fosam, A. E., Sikder, S., Abel, B. S., Tella, S. H., Walter, M. F., Mari, A., & Muniyappa, R. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa070 · Cited by 49
THE EFFECT OF MIGRATION ON DIETARY INTAKE, TYPE 2 DIABETES AND OBESITY: THE GHANAIAN HEALTH AND NUTRITION ANALYSIS IN SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA (GHANAISA)
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Fat Infiltration in Muscle: New Evidence for Familial Clustering and Associations With Diabetes
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“The hyperinsulinemia characteristic of normoglycemic normal weight (8, 29) and overweight AA youth (20, 21) and adults (25, 26) compared with AWs is also detectable in the setting of T2DM.”
BackgroundResult
Relationships between Insulin Sensitivity and Measures of Body Fat in Asymptomatic Men and Women
Sierra‐Johnson, J., Johnson, B. D., Bailey, K. R., & Turner, S. T. (2004) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2004.258 · Cited by 42
Racial and Ethnic Differences in an Estimated Measure of Insulin Resistance Among Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes
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“quently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test with minimal model analysis (8).”
BackgroundMethod
Relationship between insulin sensitivity and in vivo mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle
Sirikul, B., Gower, B. A., Hunter, G. R., Larson‐Meyer, D. E., & Newcomer, B. R. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00364.2005 · Cited by 43
“Several studies (10, 11, 12, 13, 29) have found that AA had lower SI than CA; however, the physiological basis for lower SI among AA is still not clear.”
Do glycemic marker levels vary by race? Differing results from a cross-sectional analysis of individuals with and without diagnosed diabetes
Carson, A. P., Muntner, P., Selvin, E., Carnethon, M. R., Li, X., Gross, M. D., Garvey, W. T., & Lewis, C. E. (2016) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2016-000213 · Cited by 41
Insulin Resistance in African-American and Caucasian Women: Differences in Lipotoxicity, Adipokines, and Gene Expression in Adipose Tissue and Muscle
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Insulin resistance in treated HIV infection
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Ethnic differences in glucose disposal, hepatic insulin sensitivity, and endogenous glucose production among African American and European American women
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“Previous studies quantifying insulin sensitivity by IVGTT and the traditional one-compartment minimal model [22] have repeatedly reported lower whole-body SI among AA participants, independent of body composition [5-8].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Comparison of Surrogate and Direct Measurement of Insulin Resistance in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Impact of Obesity and Ethnicity
Lam, K. D., Bacchetti, P., Abbasi, F., Ayala, C. E., Loeb, S. M., Shah, V., Wen, M., Reaven, G. M., Maher, J. J., & Khalili, M. (2010) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.23670 · Cited by 40

Authors: Haffner, S. M., Ralph, D., Saad, M. F., Rewers, M., Mykkänen, L., Selby, J., Howard, G., Savage, P. J., Hamman, R. F., Wegenknecht, L. E., & Bergman, R. N.
Affiliations: The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
Department of Public Health Sciences, Bowman Gray School of Medicine Winston-Salem, North Carolina
University of Southern California (US)
University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, Texas
Kaiser Permanente (US)
Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist (US)
National Institutes of Health (US)
ORCID: Saad, Mohammed F
Rewers, Marian
Howard, George
Hamman, Richard F
Bergman, Richard N
Venue: Diabetes
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
Published: 1996-06-01
Volume: 45
Issue: 6
Pages: 742-748
ISSN: 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
1939-327X
DOI: 10.2337/diab.45.6.742
OpenAlex: W2121083878
Cited by: 536
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 7.76
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Diabetes (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5u01hl047890-09, 5u01hl047887-09, 5u01hl047889-09)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-47889, HL‐47890, HL47887)
NIH Clinical Center
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pancreatic function and diabetes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Keywords: insulin resistance, insulin secretion, type 2 diabetes, African Americans, Hispanic Americans, ethnic differences, insulin sensitivity index, acute insulin response, glucose effectiveness, obesity, Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study
MeSH terms: Insulin Secretion, Africa, Analysis of Variance, Arteriosclerosis, Black or African American, Blood Glucose, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Male, Mexico, Middle Aged, United States, Black People, White People

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Increased insulin resistance and insulin secretion in nondiabetic African-Americans and Hispanics compared with non-Hispanic whites. The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study

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