Impaired Glucose Tolerance, but not Impaired Fasting Glucose, Is Associated With Increased Levels of Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors
Abstract
Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) identify individuals at high risk for progression to diabetes. Whether IFG and IGT have comparable coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factor profiles, independent of their progression to diabetes, is unclear. We determined CHD risk factor levels in 937 nondiabetic individuals at baseline and biannually over a mean follow-up period of 9.5 years. Subjects had no known CHD at baseline and had ≥2 (mean 4.2) oral glucose tolerance tests during follow-up. We classified glucose tolerance categories using American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria or modified criteria that redefined IFG as 100–126 mg/dl, creating a similar baseline prevalence of IFG and IGT. Subjects who developed diabetes during follow-up were excluded from our analysis. Baseline CHD risk factors were similar in subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and IFG, but significantly more atherogenic in those with IGT or IFG + IGT. These findings were unchanged when the modified criteria were used, suggesting that IGT is phenotypically different from IFG and is associated with increased levels of CHD risk factors. Subjects with isolated IFG had similar levels of CHD risk factors as NGT subjects, even when IFG was redefined with a lower threshold. Although CHD risk factors were increased in the IGT group, the incidence of CHD events was not significantly different among groups, perhaps owing to the limited number of events. The differences in CHD risk factors among prediabetic groups may have clinical implications for screening strategies and CHD risk stratification of individuals with IFG and IGT.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Impaired glucose tolerance, by itself, increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases occurring.
“results from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on aging showed that impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), by itself, increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases occurring [14].”
Cites
Friedewald, W. T., Levy, R. I., & Fredrickson, D. S. (1972) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499 · Cited by 32,423 · see citing works
Grundy, S. M., Bilheimer, D. W., Chait, A., Clark, L. T., Denke, M. A., Havel, R. J., Hazzard, W. R., Hulley, S. B., Hunninghake, D. B., Kreisberg, R. A., et al. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.269.23.3015 · Cited by 27,944 · see citing works
Expert Panel on Detection, E. (2001) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 · Cited by 26,011 · see citing works
Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus* (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.2007.s5 · Cited by 10,320 · see citing works
Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories
Wilson, P. W. F., D’Agostino, R. B., Levy, D., Belanger, A. M., Silbershatz, H., & Kannel, W. B. (1998) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.97.18.1837 · Cited by 9,581 · see citing works
Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus (1997) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.20.7.1183 · Cited by 6,220 · see citing works
Warnick, G. R., Benderson, J., & Albers, J. J. (1982) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/28.6.1379 · Cited by 2,171 · see citing works
Coutinho, M., Gerstein, H. C., Wang, Y., & Yusuf, S. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.2.233 · Cited by 1,685 · see citing works
Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
American Diabetes Association (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.2007.s5 · Cited by 1,668 · see citing works
Tominaga, M., Eguchi, H., Manaka, H., Igarashi, K., Kato, T., & Sekikawa, A. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.6.920 · Cited by 1,165 · see citing works
Normal Human Aging: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging
Shock, N. W., Greulich, R. C., Costa, P. T., Andres, R., Lakatta, E. G., Arenberg, D., & Tobin, J. D. (1984) · University Libraries (University of Maryland) · doi:10.13016/sclw-iccq · Cited by 757 · see citing works
Self-citationBody mass index, diabetes, and C-reactive protein among U.S. adults.
Ford, E. S. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.12.1971 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
Balkau, B., Shipley, M. J., Jarrett, R. J., Pyörälà, K., Pyörälä, M., Forhan, A., & Eschwège, É. (1998) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.21.3.360 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
Fasting and Postchallenge Glycemia and Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Meigs, J. B., Nathan, D. M., D’Agostino, R. B., & Wilson, P. W. F. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.10.1845 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Self-citationMeigs, J. B., Muller, D. C., Nathan, D. M., Blake, D. R., & Andres, R. (2003) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.6.1475 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Self-citationMarkolf Hanefeld, E., Koehler, C., Fuecker, K., Henkel, E., Schäper, F., & Temelkova-Kurktschiev, T. S. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.3.868 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Hanefeld, M. (1999) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00059-3 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Meigs, J. B., Nathan, D. M., Wilson, P. W. F., Cupples, L. A., & Singer, D. E. (1998) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-128-7-199804010-00002 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Self-citationRapid Decline in FEV1. A New Risk Factor for Coronary Heart Disease Mortality
Tockman, M. S., Pearson, J. D., Fleg, J. L., et al. (1995) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.151.2.7842197 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Rodríguez, B. L., Lau, N., Burchfiel, C. M., Abbott, R. D., Sharp, D. S., Yano, K., & Curb, J. D. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.8.1262 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
McPhillips, J. B., Barrett‐Connor, E., & Wingard, D. L. (1990) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115519 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Smith, N. L., Barzilay, J. I., Shaffer, D., Savage, P. J., Heckbert, S. R., Kuller, L. H., Kronmal, R. A., Resnick, H. E., & Psaty, B. M. (2002) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.162.2.209 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Rodríguez, B. L., Curb, J. D., Burchfiel, C. M., Huang, B., Sharp, D. S., Lu, G. Y., Fujimoto, W. Y., & Yano, K. (1996) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.19.6.587 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Available, N. A. N. (2002) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s125-002-8256-1 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Festa, A., D’Agostino, R., Tracy, R. P., & Haffner, S. M. (2002) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00824.x · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Rewers, M., Shetterly, S. M., Baxter, J., Marshall, J. A., & Hamman, R. F. (1992) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116243 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Impaired Fasting Glucose and Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Nathan, D. M., Davidson, M. B., DeFronzo, R. A., Heine, R. J., Henry, R. R., Pratley, R., & Zinman, B. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-9920 · Cited by 1,396 · see citing works
Self-citationAge-related changes in glucose metabolism, hyperglycemia, and cardiovascular risk
Chia, C. W., Egan, J. M., & Ferrucci, L. (2018) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.118.312806 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Prevalence of prediabetes among adolescents and young adults in the United States, 2005-2016
Andes, L. J., Cheng, Y. J., Rolka, D. B., Gregg, E. W., & Imperatore, G. (2020) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.4498 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
On behalf of, E. D. E. G., Forouhi, N. G., Balkau, B., Borch-Johnsen, K., Dekker, J., Glumer, C., Qiao, Q., Spijkerman, A., Stolk, R., Tabac, A., et al. (2006) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0189-4 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Beejmohun, V., Peytavy-Izard, M., Mignon, C., Muscente-Paque, D., Deplanque, X., Ripoll, C., & Chapal, N. (2014) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/1472-6882-14-351 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
van Genugten, R. E., Utzschneider, K. M., Tong, J., Gerchman, F., Zraika, S., Udayasankar, J., Boyko, E. J., Fujimoto, W. Y., Kahn, S. E., & and the American Diabetes Association GENNID Study Group (2006) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db06-0577 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
- Authors
- Blake, D. R., Meigs, J. B., Muller, D. C., Najjar, S. S., Andres, R., & Nathan, D. M.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- National Institute on Aging (US)
- Venue
- Diabetes
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2004-08-01
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2095-2100
- ISSN
- 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-327X
- OpenAlex
- W2147726927
- Cited by
- 169
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 8.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose, coronary risk factors, prediabetes, atherogenic risk factors, non-diabetic individuals, coronary heart disease incidence, cardiovascular risk stratification, prediabetes screening
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Blood Glucose, Coronary Artery Disease, Coronary Disease, Fasting, Follow-Up Studies, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Social Class, Time Factors, Baltimore, Body Mass Index, Glucose Intolerance, White People
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
