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Activation of the Peripheral Endocannabinoid System in Human Obesity
Open accessAbstract
Obesity is the main risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. Activation of the central endocannabinoid system increases food intake and promotes weight gain. Blockade of the cannabinoid type 1 (CB-1) receptor reduces body weight in animals by central and peripheral actions; the role of the peripheral endocannabinoid system in human obesity is now being extensively investigated. We measured circulating endocannabinoid concentrations and studied the expression of CB-1 and the main degrading enzyme, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), in adipose tissue of lean (n = 20) and obese (n = 20) women and after a 5% weight loss in a second group of women (n = 17). Circulating levels of anandamide and 1/2-arachidonoylglycerol were increased by 35 and 52% in obese compared with lean women (P < 0.05). Adipose tissue mRNA levels were reduced by -34% for CB-1 and -59% for FAAH in obese subjects (P < 0.05). A strong negative correlation was found between FAAH expression in adipose tissue and circulating endocannabinoids. Circulating endocannabinoids and CB-1 or FAAH expression were not affected by 5% weight loss. The expression of CB-1 and FAAH was increased in mature human adipocytes compared with in preadipocytes and was found in several human tissues. Our findings support the presence of a peripheral endocannabinoid system that is upregulated in human obesity.
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“and this effect is likely to result from downregulation of FAAH gene expression, an effect which has also been observed in adipocytes sampled from obese women.110”
From Cannabinoids as Pharmacotherapies for Neuropathic Pain: From the Bench to the Bedside (2009) · cites this paper as [110]
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BackgroundInfluence of dietary fat intake on the endocannabinoid system in lean and obese subjects
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“FAAH mRNA in mouse adipocytes is also under the control of insulin (26), and a possible explanation for FAAH down-regulation in our recent and previous studies (18,19) might be the insulin resistance of adipocytes obtained from subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese subjects.”
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Pataky, Z., Gasteyger, C., Ziegler, O., Rissanen, A., Hanotin, C., & Golay, A. (2012) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/s-0032-1329957 · Cited by 56
The Milk Thistle Seed Cakes and Hempseed Cakes are Potential Feed for Poultry
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“In addition, ECS activation has been found in obese people [31], which has led to adipogenesis, lipogenesis, hepatic steatosis and increased insulin resistance [32].”
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“A recent study by Engeli et al. (2005) seems to support this theory, documenting elevated peripheral levels of two endogenous cannabinoids, anandamide and 2-AG, which were increased by 35% and 52%, respectively, in obese vs. lean women.”
BackgroundInfluentialAnandamide-derived Prostamide F2α Negatively Regulates Adipogenesis
Silvestri, C., Martella, A., Poloso, N. J., Piscitelli, F., Capasso, R., Izzo, A. A., Woodward, D. F., & Marzo, V. D. (2013) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m113.489906 · Cited by 49
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Drori, A., Permyakova, A., Hadar, R., Udi, S., Nemirovski, A., & Tam, J. (2018) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13497 · Cited by 52
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BackgroundWhat Role Does the Endocannabinoid System Play in the Pathogenesis of Obesity?
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BackgroundResultReview article: the endocannabinoid system in liver disease, a potential therapeutic target
Basu, P. P., Aloysius, M. M., Shah, N. J., & Brown, R. S. (2014) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.12673 · Cited by 48
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“Second, a number of studies have reported dysregulation of the ECS in the obese state (12, 38, 102).”
BackgroundCB 1 receptor blockade counters age‐induced insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction
Lipina, C., Vaanholt, L. M., Davidova, A., Mitchell, S. E., Storey‐Gordon, E., Hambly, C., Irving, A. J., Speakman, J. R., & Hundal, H. S. (2016) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.12438 · Cited by 50
“Importantly, ECS dysregulation has been linked to abdominal obesity and other risk factors for type 2 diabetes (Engeli et al., 2005; Osei-Hyiaman et al., 2005; Matias et al., 2006).”
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The effects of cannabis and cannabinoids on the endocrine system
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Expression of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in models of diabetic neuropathy
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“In obese postmenopausal women with fasting hyperinsulinemia, elevated levels of anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol were found to be associated with decreased CB1 receptor expression in adipose tissue (Engeli et al., 2005).”
Bennetzen, M., Wellner, N., Ahmed, S., Ahmed, S. M., Diep, T. A., Hansen, H. S., Richelsen, B., & Pedersen, S. B. (2011) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.8 · Cited by 47
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“In this regard, the same study showed an upregulation of CB1 and FAAH in mature human adipocytes in contrast to pre-adipocytes, highlighting the physiological relevance of the ECS in mature human adipocytes [238].”
BackgroundExpression of the endocannabinoid system in fibroblasts and myofascial tissues
McPartland, J. M. (2008) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2008.01.004 · Cited by 46
“Engeli et al. (2005) compared spinal cord tissue and adipose tissue, and reported a 1:1 ratio in CB1 expression (at levels significantly greater than those in other non-neural tissues).”
Cristino, L., Luongo, L., Imperatore, R., Boccella, S., Becker, T., Morello, G., Piscitelli, F., Busetto, G., Maione, S., & Marzo, V. D. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.173 · Cited by 45
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“It is widely used as a tool to investigate the mechanisms by which cannabinoid agonists produce their pharmacological effects, and it may exert several intrinsic actions possibly by blocking the activation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors by the endocannabinoid system, which is tonically activated under certain pathophysi…”
BackgroundKim, J. J., Carlson, M. E., & Watkins, B. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2014.00100 · Cited by 45
Chanda, D., Kim, Y.-H., Li, T., Misra, J., Kim, D.-K., Kim, J. R., Kwon, J., Jeong, W., Ahn, S.-H., Park, T., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068845 · Cited by 45
“In obese or hyperglycemic type 2 diabetic patients, circulating levels of AEA and 2-AG are increased and elevated levels of 2-AG are found in visceral adipose tissue [2,5,6], while hepatic Cb1r activation leads to impaired insulin sensitivity as well as reduced insulin clearance in mice [7].”
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Serum levels of endocannabinoids are independently associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
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“While increased circulating eCB levels in people with obesity have been reported by others (12-15), it is still unclear whether they are also independently associated with fat accumulation in the liver.”
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“An increase of circulating 2-AG and AEA concentrations, or of AEA only, in obese postmenopausal women or in women with binge-eating disorder, respectively, was reported [6,29].”
The cannabinoid CB1 receptor is expressed in pancreatic δ-cells
Tharp, W. G., Lee, Y., Maple, R. L., & Pratley, R. E. (2008) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.05.077 · Cited by 45
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“A study on obese, postmenopausal women showed raised 2-AG and anandamide levels, along with reduced fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) expression compared with control subjects ( 59 ), suggesting that impaired degradation of endocannabinoids could play a role.”
BackgroundDevelopmental Role of Macrophage Cannabinoid-1 Receptor Signaling in Type 2 Diabetes
Jourdan, T., Szanda, G., Çınar, R., Godlewski, G., Holovac, D. J., Park, J. K., Nicoloro, S. M. C., Shen, Y., Liu, J., Rosenberg, A. Z., et al. (2017) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db16-1199 · Cited by 45
“The EC/CB1R system is overactive in obesity/ metabolic syndrome (7,8), and blockade or genetic deletion of CB1R mitigates diet-induced obesity and its metabolic complications, including IR and T2D (reviewed by Mazier et al.”
BackgroundCannabinoid Type 1 Receptors Are Upregulated During Acute Activation of Brown Adipose Tissue
Lahesmaa, M., Eriksson, O., Gnad, T., Oikonen, V., Bucci, M., Hirvonen, J., Koskensalo, K., Teuho, J., Niemi, T. S., Taittonen, M. T., et al. (2018) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db17-1366 · Cited by 44
“Obese subjects have increased circulating endogenous cannabinoid levels, whereas mRNA expression of CB1Rs is lower in the WAT of obese subjects compared with lean subjects (32,33).”
BackgroundIncretin secretion in humans is under the influence of cannabinoid receptors
Chia, C. W., Carlson, O. D., Liu, D. D., González‐Mariscal, I., Calvo, S. S.-C., & Egan, J. M. (2017) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00080.2017 · Cited by 43
Effects of rimonabant, a cannabinoid CB1 receptor ligand, on energy expenditure in lean rats
Kunz, I., Meier, M. K., Bourson, A., Fisseha, M., & Schilling, W. (2008) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.3 · Cited by 43
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“increased endocannabinoid (eCB)-system tone [3,4].”
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“Moreover, systemic AA-derived EC levels are increased in PMW [42].”
BackgroundThe CB1 Endocannabinoid System Modulates Adipocyte Insulin Sensitivity
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Müller, T. D., Reichwald, K., Wermter, A., Brönner, G., Nguyen, T. T., Friedel, S., Koberwitz, K., Engeli, S., Lichtner, P., Meitinger, T., et al. (2007) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.01.002 · Cited by 42
Effects of CB1 antagonist on the control of metabolic functions in obese type 2 diabetic patients
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Hsiao, W.-C., Shia, K., Wang, Y. T., Yeh, Y. ‐., Chang, C., Lin, Y., Chen, P., Wu, C. ‐., Chao, Y.-S., & Hung, M. (2015) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12447 · Cited by 41
Endocannabinoid signaling and energy metabolism: A target for dietary intervention
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“Elevated levels of the ECs AEA and 2-AG have also been found in blood and subcutaneous adipose tissue in obese individuals [58,59] and these levels correlate with intra-abdominal adiposity [60].”
BackgroundPeripheral modulation of the endocannabinoid system in metabolic disease
Shrestha, N., Cuffe, J. S. M., Hutchinson, D. S., Headrick, J. P., Perkins, A. V., McAinch, A. J., & Hryciw, D. H. (2018) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.029 · Cited by 43
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“Circulating levels of anandamide and 2AG are increased in obese compared with control subjects (7), whereas CB1 mRNA expression is correlated with visceral fat mass (2), thus suggesting an upregulated peripheral endocannabinoid system in human obesity.”
BackgroundObesity-dependent cannabinoid modulation of proliferation in adult neurogenic regions
Rivera, P., Romero‐Zerbo, S., Pavón, F. J., Serrano, A., López-Ávalos, M. D., Cifuentes, M., Grondona, J. M., Bermúdez‐Silva, F. J., Fernández‐Llebrez, P., de Fonseca, F. R., et al. (2011) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07650.x · Cited by 44
“Thus, CB1 receptor stimulation by an overactive ECS would cause an increase in appetite and food intake together with a series of other metabolic changes that can lead to obesity and related disorders (Engeli et al., 2005).”
BackgroundRole of lipid-derived mediators in skeletal muscle insulin resistance
Taube, A., Eckardt, K., & Eckel, J. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00241.2009 · Cited by 40
Circulating anandamide and blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea
Engeli, S., Blüher, M., von Schwartzenberg, R. J., Wiesner, T., Wirtz, H., Bosse‐Henck, A., Stümvoll, M., Bátkai, S., Pacher, P., Harvey-White, J., et al. (2012) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e3283591595 · Cited by 40
“We showed previously that excessive endocannabinoid concentrations in obesity are associated with decreased FAAH gene expression in adipose tissue [7,8].”
BackgroundEndocannabinoid Signalling in Atherosclerosis and Related Metabolic Complications
Guillamat‐Prats, R., Rami, M., Herzig, S., & Steffens, S. (2019) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1055/s-0039-1678738 · Cited by 40
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Additive actions of the cannabinoid and neuropeptide Y systems on adiposity and lipid oxidation
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“Thus, the lack of effects of Rimonabant on energy expenditure seen in this study may be because of the transient effect of CB1 blockade on energy expenditure as well as the unstimulated endocannabinoid/CB1 tone characteristic of lean WT mice [2,6,7].”
BackgroundHarismendy, O., Bansal, V., Bhatia, G., Nakano, M., Scott, M., Wang, X., Dib, C., Turlotte, E., Sipe, J. C., Murray, S., et al. (2010) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2010-11-11-r118 · Cited by 42
“Circulating levels of AEA and 2-AG are higher in obese patients and FAAH expression level in adipose tissue is reduced [16,17].”
BackgroundResultde Almeida, M. M., Dias-Rocha, C. P., Souza, A. S., Muros, M. F., Mendonca, L. S., Pazos-Moura, C. C., & Trevenzoli, I. H. (2017) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114517002884 · Cited by 43
“This profile indicates reduced CB1 signalling and decreased AEA levels((62,63)).”
BackgroundInfluentialStanley, C. P., Hind, W. H., Tufarelli, C., & O’Sullivan, S. E. (2016) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2016.08.028 · Cited by 39
“Post hoc analysis of the data set showed that overweight patients and those taking paracetamol had reduced vasorelaxant responses to AEA.”
MethodMetabolic Messengers: endocannabinoids
Busquets-García, A., Bolaños, J. P., & Marsicano, G. (2022) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-022-00600-1 · Cited by 43
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Therapeutic Options for Modifying Cardiometabolic Risk Factors
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Role of the Endocannabinoid System in Regulating Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risk Factors
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Novoseletsky, N., NUSSINOVITCH, A., & Friedman‐Einat, M. (2010) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.11.011 · Cited by 38
“This circulating level is roughly fivefold higher than normal combined levels of the two known endocannabinoids (anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol) in humans [17].”
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Endocannabinoid control of gastric sensorimotor function in man
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Anandamide and AM251, via water, modulate food intake at central and peripheral level in fish
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The role of the pancreatic endocannabinoid system in glucose metabolism
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“Due to the strong negative correlation between FAAH expression in adipose tissue and plasma eCB levels [12], one of the most frequently analyzed genetic variants has been the 385C>A polymorphism in FAAH.”
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Oleoylethanolamide and Human Neural Responses to Food Stimuli in Obesity
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Caloric restriction lowers endocannabinoid tonus and improves cardiac function in type 2 diabetes
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“Several studies have implicated an overactive EC/CB1R system in the development of visceral obesity and insulin resistance.(14,15) As a result, pharmacological blockade of CB1R by rimonabant and related compounds reduced diet-induced obesity and mitigated metabolic abnormalities, including insulin resistance and T2D.”
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Cannabis sativaand the Endogenous Cannabinoid System: Therapeutic Potential for Appetite Regulation
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“Indeed, it has been reported that in obese humans, eCB levels are elevated by up to 52% (Engeli et al., 2005); as such experiments which artificially elevate eCB activity using food‐restriction paradigms are particularly valuable since they more accurately model the human obese condition.”
BackgroundThe cannabinoid receptor 1 and its role in influencing peripheral metabolism
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“CB1 is part of a complex lipid signalling system that is widely distributed in a number of different tissues [4].”
BackgroundBlocking the Cannabinoid Receptors: Drug Candidates and Therapeutic Promises
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The Effect of Enteric-Derived Lipopolysaccharides on Obesity
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“In addition, compared to lean mice, obese mice had a higher abundance of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Fibrobacteres and a lower relative and absolute abundance of Bacteroidetes and Deferribacteres [111].”
BackgroundRole of the endocannabinoid system in the regulation of the skeletal muscle response to exercise
Schönke, M., Martínez‐Téllez, B., & Rensen, P. C. N. (2020) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2020.05.003 · Cited by 35
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The Endocannabinoid System as a Target for the Treatment of Visceral Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
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Diet, endocannabinoids, and health
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“The implication of the fatty acyl-ethanolamide endocannabinoid degradation pathway in obesity has been recently investigated [25].”
BackgroundMetabolic Syndrome and Ectopic Fat Deposition
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Metadata
- Authors
- Engeli, S., Böhnke, J., Feldpausch, M., Gorzelniak, K., Janke, J., Bátkai, S., Pacher, P., Harvey-White, J., Luft, F. C., Sharma, A. M., & Jordan, J.
- Affiliations
- Helios Hospital Berlin-Buch (DE)
- Franz Volhard Clinical Research Center, Charité Campus Buch, and HELIOS Klinikum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- McMaster University (CA)
- Venue
- Diabetes
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2005-10-01
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2838-2843
- ISSN
- 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-327X
- PMC
- PMC2228268
- OpenAlex
- W2162112945
- Cited by
- 686
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 38.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- MDC Repository (Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Sanofi
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (Z01AA000375)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- obesity, cannabinoid type 1 receptor, fatty acid amide hydrolase, anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, adipose tissue, weight loss, human adipocytes, type 2 diabetes risk
- MeSH terms
- Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolases, Adipose Tissue, Amidohydrolases, Arachidonic Acids, Body Composition, Female, Glycerides, Humans, Middle Aged, Obesity, RNA, Messenger, Weight Loss, Gene Expression, Body Mass Index, Linear Models, Postmenopause, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1, Polyunsaturated Alkamides, Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators, Endocannabinoids
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