Cited by 664Diabetes Management and EducationPsychometric Methodologies and TestingHealth Education and Validation

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

The Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale: An evaluation of its clinical utility

Welch, Garry W, Jacobson, Alan M, Polonsky, William H·1997·Diabetes Care

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reliability and concurrent and discriminant validity of the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) scale, a new measure of emotional functioning in diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A battery of questionnaires, including the PAID, was completed by 256 volunteer diabetic outpatients. In our analyses, we examined the PAID's internal structure and compared mean IDDM and NIDDM treatment group scores in regression analyses to explore its discriminant validity. We also evaluated concurrent validity from the correlations between the PAID and diabetes-specific measures of coping and health attitudes and HbA1c. RESULTS: Principal component analyses identified a large emotional adjustment factor, supporting the use of the total score. Significant sizable correlations were found between the PAID and a range of selected health attitudinal measures. There were significant differences (with small-to-moderate effect sizes) in PAID scores between IDDM and NIDDM patients and between IDDM and NIDDM insulin- and tablet-treated subgroups; no differences were found between NIDDM insulin- and tablet-treated subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings provided support for the construct validity of the PAID, including evidence for discriminant validity from its ability to detect differences between IDDM and NIDDM treatment groups expected to differ in the emotional impact of life with diabetes. Future studies should explore the PAID's performance in nonspecialist treatment settings as well as its responsiveness to clinical change.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2337/diacare.20.5.760

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 663

Are people with diabetes getting the support they need? Deficits between support desired and received from family and friends relates to poorer health
Delaney, R. K., Zhong, L., Wang, X., Sossenheimer, L., Neuberger, J., Fagerlin, A., & Litchman, M. L. (2023) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2023.107653 · Cited by 3
Examining Diabetes Distress in Pre-existing Diabetes in Pregnancy: Protocol for an Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Study
Menezes, H. T., Yost, J., Landeen, J., Nerenberg, K. A., & Sherifali, D. (2023) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069221131192 · Cited by 3
“The PAID scale has 20 items rated on a ﬁ ve-point Likert scale of 0 – 4 and an overall score of ≥ 40 is considered to be positive for DD (Welch et al., 1997).”
Background
Improving Diabetes Equity and Advancing Care (IDEA) to optimize team-based care at a safety-net health system for Black and Latine patients living with diabetes: study protocol for a sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial
Jacobs, J., Labellarte, P. Z., Margellos-Anast, H., Garcia, L., Qeadan, F., Tingey, B., Barnick, K. A., Dougherty, A., & Wagener, C. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08346-9 · Cited by 3
“Sustainability of diabetes-related learnings and self-efficacy will be measured by two validated scales: the short-form diabetes-related empowerment scale (DES-SF) and the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) scale [31, 32].”
Method
Perceived comfort with weight, body shape and eating pattern of young adults with type 1 diabetes and associations with clinical and psychological parameters in a clinical setting
Vidyasagar, S., Griffin, A., d’Emden, H., Hendrieckx, C., & D’Silva, N. (2024) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-024-01059-z · Cited by 4
“The DPAT incorporates three validated screening tools that assess diabetes distress (PAID) [22], depression and anxiety symptoms (PHQ-4) [23] and emotional well-being (WHO-5 Index) [24], along with clinically relevant questions around social support, financial concerns, fear of hypoglycaemia and…”
Method
Culturally Congruent Latino-Adapted Telemonitoring of Underrepresented Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: The CULTURA-DM2 Trial
Pekmezaris, R., Martinez, S., Gomez, V. C., Marino, J., Goris, N., Williams, M. S., Cigaran, E., Nouryan, C. N., Patel, V. H., Myers, A. K., et al. (2024) · Clinical Diabetes · doi:10.2337/cd24-0002 · Cited by 5
Psychometric evaluation of the problem areas in diabetes (PAID) scale among people with type 2 diabetes in Ethiopia: a tool validation study
Berhe, K. K., Mselle, L. T., & Gebru, H. B. (2025) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-025-07238-8 · Cited by 3
“Studies have identified contradictory results or confirmed the original one-factor structure [16, 28]. and other studies have identified multiple factor structures [15, 17, 20].”
Influential
The QDIS-7: using one scale to measure the disease-specific quality-of-life impact of different medical conditions
Fukuhara, S., Green, J., Wakita, T., Yamamoto, Y., Yamazaki, H., & Ware, J. E. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-05963-5 · Cited by 4
The Effects of a Stress Management Group Education Program on Symptoms of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in People With Comorbid Diabetes and Chronic and/or Recurrent Foot and Ankle Complications
LU, A. D., Bonder-Smith, S., & Li, X. (2020) · Orthopaedic Nursing · doi:10.1097/nor.0000000000000695 · Cited by 4
“It has been widely used in diabetes research and has demonstrated high construct validity and internal consistency (Welch et al., 1997).”
Method
Hybrid Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery Systems for People With Type 1 Diabetes
Service, C. H. T. A. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Health Technologies · doi:10.51731/cjht.2021.50 · Cited by 3
Preferred Islet Delivery Device Characteristics and Implantation Strategies of Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Tol, M. C., de Bont, D. F. A., Boon, W., de Koning, E. J. P., & van Apeldoorn, A. A. (2023) · Transplant International · doi:10.3389/ti.2023.11077 · Cited by 3
“The second group of patients from the LUMC were also requested to complete the 20-item Problem Areas In Diabetes (PAID) questionnaire [12].”
Background
Clinical and Behavioral Impact of Implementing Community-Based Diabetes Disease Management in Japan
Sakamaki, H., Ikeda, S., Ikegami, N., et al. (2006) · Disease Management & Health Outcomes · doi:10.2165/00115677-200614010-00006 · Cited by 3
Considering the patient perspective for assessing the outcomes of diabetes lifestyle-modification programmes: what should we measure, and how?
Barbosa, C., Arnould, B., Gruenberger, J., & Schwarz, P. (2011) · The British Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1177/1474651411410726 · Cited by 5
Association between personality factors and health-related quality of life in type 1 diabetes patients
Gavazza, M. L. N. D. B., Martins, E., & Ramalho, A. C. (2022) · Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.20945/2359-3997000000524 · Cited by 3
“The questionnaire classifies participants with a total score of ≥ 40 as patients with “great suffering” and those with a score of < 40 as patients with “tolerable suffering” related to diabetes (18,19).”
Background
The Feasibility and Acceptability of a Diabetes Survival Skills Intervention for Persons Transitioning from Prison to the Community
Reagan, L., Laguerre, R. A., Todd, S., & Gallagher, C. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-023-01581-x · Cited by 4
“When used to evaluate knowledge in a population of incarcerated person with diabetes, Cronbach’s alpha was 0.65 and content validity was confirmed in previous research by experts in correctional health [31]. b. SCODI Confidence Subscale [41] measures the degree of confidence the person has about his or her ability to…”
Influential
Behavior change intervention and fear of hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes
Anderbro, T. (2012) · Figshare · Cited by 3
Biodeterioro algal en monumentos históricos mayas de la zona tropical húmeda: Palenque, Yaxchilán y Bonampak (Chiapas, México)
Vázquez, M. R. (2012) · Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) · Cited by 3
To Use or Not to Use a Self-monitoring of Blood Glucose System? Real-world Flash Glucose Monitoring Patterns Using a Cluster Analysis of the FGM-Japan Study
Sakane, N., Hirota, Y., Yamamoto, A., Miura, J., Takaike, H., Hoshina, S., Toyoda, M., Saito, N., Hosoda, K., Matsubara, M., et al. (2023) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.0639-22 · Cited by 2
“Higher scores indicate greater diabetes-related distress, and a cut-off score of 40 indicates high distress (20).”
Background
Demographic, Clinical, Psychosocial, and Behavioral Predictors of Continuous Glucose Monitor Use in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes
Morrow, E. L., Spieker, A. J., Greevy, R. A., Roddy, M. K., & Mayberry, L. S. (2024) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-024-09101-1 · Cited by 2
A prospective mixed‐methods pilot study of a novel group structured education programme for adults with cystic fibrosis diabetes
Sunsoa, H., Barrett, J., Glennon, E., Pepperell, G., Edgar, R. G., Whitehouse, J. L., Syed, A., & Nash, E. F. (2024) · Practical Diabetes · doi:10.1002/pdi.2518 · Cited by 2
Implementing a Scalable, personalised, behaviour Change digitAL hEalth programme in primary care for type 2 diabetes treatment: the SCALE cluster-randomised study protocol
Shahidi, M., de Courten, B., Glennan, J., Assange, J., Seng-Lim, K., MABERLY, G. F., Brinkworth, G. D., & Meyerowitz‐Katz, G. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-101531 · Cited by 2
“41 42 In addition, at the same time-points, we will collect the following secondary outcome measures: Health-related quality of life (assessed using EQ-5D) EQ- 5D-5L is a standardised measure of health-related quality of life comprising five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities,…”
A machine learning approach to predicting severe diabetes distress in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Sakane, N., Hirota, Y., Yamamoto, A., Miura, J., Takaike, H., Hoshina, S., Toyoda, M., Saito, N., Hosoda, K., Matsubara, M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.70229 · Cited by 4
“A score of ≥ 40 is considered indicative of moderate to high diabetes distress 25,26 .”
Adaptation and Validation of the Indonesian Version of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale Among People With Type 2 Diabetes: An Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Fadlilah, S., Murdhiono, W. R., Dwidiyanti, M., Sugimoto, H., Fiqri, A. M., Lin, C. L., & Tsai, H. (2026) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.70486 · Cited by 2
“Cultural differences affect health perceptions, The original PAID instrument contained 20 items with a single factor (Polonsky et al. 1995; Welch et al. 1997), and several years later, the developer conducted a follow-up study and determined that there were four factors (Snoek et al. 2000).”
Influential
Metformin
Stümvoll, M., Häring, H., & Matthaei, S. (2007) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.3109/9780849379581-10 · Cited by 2
Psychosocial and Educational Implications of Diabetic Foot Complications
Beverly, E. A., & Smaldone, A. M. (2024) · Contemporary diabetes · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-55715-6_30 · Cited by 3
Diabetes Self-Management Support Through Diabetes-Related Distress Awareness
Clark, D., Sundeen, E., & Jenkins, C. (2024) · The Journal for Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2024.105129 · Cited by 2
Sustainability of health outcomes of patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus after completing 6 months of remote tele-monitoring: Two-year results from a randomised controlled trial (OPTIMUM)
Tan, N. C., Tyagi, S., Koh, Y. L. E., Gong, P. P., Koh, G. C., & Lee, C. S. (2024) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x241286546 · Cited by 2
“…equivalent of task); (3) Michigan Diabetes Knowledge Test (DKT) 14 to measure diabetes-related knowledge; (4) Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) 15,16 to measure diabetes-related distress; (5) Self-Care Inventory-Revised (SCIR) 17 to measure self-care behaviour; (6) patient activation measure…”
Interpreting Patient-Reported Outcome Measures
Meadows, K. (2021) · Philosophy of Medicine · doi:10.5195/pom.2021.66 · Cited by 2
糖尿病臨床におけるProblem Areas In Diabetes Survey (PAID)の有用性について
仁美, 藤., 裕子, 渡., 憲彦, 軽., 礼子, 徳., 箱木, ま., 香小里, 名., 満美子, 林., Smith, B. T., 加代子, 田., 土屋, 倫., et al. (2008) · Tōnyōbyō/Tounyoubyou · doi:10.11213/tonyobyo.51.497 · Cited by 2
Psychosocial and Educational Implications of Diabetic Foot Complications
Weinger, K., Smaldone, A. M., & Beverly, E. A. (2012) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-791-0_25 · Cited by 2
“The Problem Areas in Diabetes ( 49 ,50) (Fig. 1) is both a clinical tool and an outcomes measure to identify diabetes-related emotional distress.”
Background
Diabetes and brain health: implications for practice
Dolan, C., Power, J. M., & LAWLOR, B. A. (2015) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2015.55 · Cited by 2
Psychosocial Issues and Type 2 Diabetes
Welch, G. W., Jacobson, A. M., & Weinger, K. (2007) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.3109/9780849379581-8 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Knowledge and Coping Strategies Among Patients Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Najjar, M. A., D’emeh, W. M., & Yacoub, M. I. (2020) · Global Journal of Health Science · doi:10.5539/gjhs.v12n2p69 · Cited by 2
“Therefore, subscale score= ((Mean subscale item score-1)*100) / 4 (Welch et al., 1997).”
The relationships between mindfulness, diabetes-related distress, selected demographic variables, and self-management in adults with Type 2 diabetes
Brown, J. B. (2014) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · Cited by 2
Diabetes distress among people with type 2 diabetes in a pharmacist-run community care clinic
Parsons, K. A., Ekong, G. J., Charbonneau, M. S., Laisure, M. R., & Capoccia, K. L. (2023) · American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy · doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxad234 · Cited by 2
Emotional distress as a key construct in the personal model of diabetes management : associations of fatigue, diabetes-specific distress, and depressive symptomatology with quality of life in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Rothschild, C. (2010) · doi:10.18297/etd/1236 · Cited by 2
1型糖尿病患者における摂食障害・食行動異常合併の頻度，心理的背景および臨床像
塚原, 佐., 安子, 内., 石堂, 考., 正人, 瀧., & 岩本安彦 (2009) · 東京女子医科大学雑誌 · doi:10.11213/tonyobyo.52.13 · Cited by 2
Implicit theories about willpower and their consequences for achievement, health, and well-being
Bernecker, K. (2016) · Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) · doi:10.5167/uzh-123239 · Cited by 2
“Emotional distress from diabetes was assessed with the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (Welche et al., 1997), which measures negative feelings related to the disease and its treatment, including worry, depressed mood, and fear.”
Method
SISTER (Sisters Inspiring Sisters to Engage in Relevant Diabetes Self-Care) Diabetes Study: Protocol for diabetes medical nutrition therapy randomized clinical trial among African American women
Miller, S. T., Akohoue, S. A., Murry, V. M., Tabatabai, M., Wilus, D. M., & Foxx, A. (2022) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2022.107052 · Cited by 1
Relations between Intensity of Symptoms of Eating Disorders and Glycated Hemoglobin, Number of Complications, Mood, and Problems with Type 2 Diabetes in a One-Year Follow-Up Study
Obrębski, M., Ważny, J. O., Franek, E., Walicka, M., & Kokoszka, A. (2024) · Clinical Diabetology · doi:10.5603/cd.100257 · Cited by 1
Naturalistic outcomes from a service evaluation of individual acceptance and commitment informed therapy for people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Croydon, South London
Ho, J. K. Y., Williams, K., & Knight, G. (2025) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x24000461 · Cited by 1
“The PAID has high internal reliability, with Cronbach ’ s alpha ranging from 0.90 to 0.95 (e.g. Polonsky et al ., 1995; Welch et al ., 1997).”
Influential
DIAMONDS—a diabetes self-management intervention for people with severe mental illness: protocol for an individually randomised controlled multicentre trial
O’Carroll, G., Brown, J. V. E., Carswell, C., Peck, C., Russell, G., Ajjan, R., Boehnke, J. R., Coventry, P. A., Hadjiconstantinou, M., Hewitt, C. E., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-090295 · Cited by 2
Comparison of information provided on diabetes distress when using PAID-20, PAID-11 or PAID-5. A registry-based study applying IRT analyses among 10,190 adults with type 1 diabetes in Norway
Haugstvedt, A., Nilsen, R. M., Breivik, K., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112267 · Cited by 1
How do hypoglycaemias affect the everyday life of people with diabetes and are they able to treat them adequately?
Muller, N., Kellner, C., Schmidt, S., Kuniß, N., Wolf, G., & Kloos, C. (2025) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.70121 · Cited by 1
Using Participatory Methods to Develop the Prediabetes-Related Stress Scale (PRSS)
Wallace, D. D., Portacio, T., & Vergara, P. W. (2025) · Community Health Equity Research & Policy · doi:10.1177/2752535x251372277 · Cited by 1
“While there are scales focused on measuring diabetes distress, such as the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) 27 and the Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS) 28 to identify troublesome areas in living with diabetes, having a similar scale that addresses the needs of individuals living with prediabetes can…”
Diabetes‐Related Stigma, Hemoglobin A1c, and Psychological and Behavioral Outcomes Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes in Ghana: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach
Akyirem, S., Melkus, G. D., Nam, S., Wang, K., Micah, F. B., Ekpor, E., & Nelson, L. E. (2026) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.70073 · Cited by 1
Development of the Diabetes Burnout Scale for patients with type 2 diabetes: a modified Delphi study
Wei, Y., Niu, Y., Cao, Q., An, Y., Feng, W., & Pan, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1767244 · Cited by 1
Diabetes distress: What a clinician needs to know – A South Asian perspective
Raza, S. A., Raza, S. I., Irfan, H., Baig, A. M., Ghauri, J. J., Shrestha, D., & HASAN, K. (2026) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2026.102116 · Cited by 2
Validation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Diabetes Distress Scale in a Spanish Population
Garrido-Bueno, M., Cruz-Álvarez, P. S., Pabón‐Carrasco, M., & Romero‐Castillo, R. (2026) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/26350106261457885 · Cited by 1
Cultural adaptation and preliminary psychometric assessment of the IMEVID questionnaire for assessing lifestyle in adults with type 2 diabetes in Peru
Carcausto, E., Olivera, A. Y. N., & Reyes, N. F. D. (2026) · Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s41687-026-01162-6 · Cited by 1
A New Dawn for Diabetes in Canada
Vallis, M. (2012) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2012.06.006 · Cited by 1
WHOQOL-BREF among Singaporean Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus: What Does It Measure?
Tan, M. L. (2014) · Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research · doi:10.9734/bjmmr/2014/9054 · Cited by 1
“The PAID had been validated globally [20] as well as in a Singapore T2DM population [21].”
Method
Connecting the Dots: An Interdisciplinary Diabetes Quality Improvement Initiative
Waller, R., Koehn, D. A., Miller, S., et al. (2018) · Clinical Diabetes · doi:10.2337/cd17-0045 · Cited by 1
“We will also try to increase use of the Problem Areas in Diabetes scale, a validated tool to assess emotional functioning in diabetes (1), and referrals of patients identified for social work or psychological evaluations.”
Method
Psychometric Evaluation of the Hungarian Adaptation of the Diabetes Distress Scale in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes
Heckenberger-Nagy, E., Slezák, A. Á., Kocsis, D., Nagy, D., Teleki, S. Á., Őry, F., Kiss, B. L., Wittmann, I., & Tiringer, I. (2024) · Journal of Nursing Measurement · doi:10.1891/jnm-2023-0112 · Cited by 1
Diabetes-specific family functioning typology associated with intervention engagement and effects: secondary analyses from a randomized controlled trial
Roddy, M. K., Spieker, A. J., Greevy, R. A., Nelson, L. A., Berg, C. A., & Mayberry, L. S. (2024) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaae070 · Cited by 2
Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess quality of life in Australian adults with type 1 diabetes: a pilot psychometric study
Paul, J., Knight-Agarwal, C. R., Saleh, A., Davoren, P. M., & Jani, R. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-06420-z · Cited by 1
Quality of Life in Telemedicine-Based Interventions for Type-2 Diabetes Patients: The TECNOB Project
Corti, S. P., Mauro, G., Pietrabissa, G., & Castelnuovo, G. (2013) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/56009 · Cited by 1
“Psychological adjustment to type 2 diabetes explains 48% of the variance in diabetes-specific distress [56].”
Background
Insights into self-care behavior of patients with diabetes: Support using a computerized self-evaluation system
Waki, S., Shimizu, Y., Seto, N., et al. (2016) · Journal of Nursing Education and Practice · doi:10.5430/jnep.v6n10p51 · Cited by 1
“…including the following: happiness; anxiety; depression; self-esteem; self-efﬁcacy; self-care patterns; glycosylated hemoglobin levels; [4,22–24] the relationship with health care personnel; [25] understanding of self-care technology for self-monitoring blood glucose; [26] and the…”
Background
Self-Empowerment and Health Outcomes in Obese Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Following Completion of a Multi-Disciplinary Metabolic Rehabilitation Program
Bishay, R. H. (2017) · Endocrinology&Metabolism International Journal · doi:10.15406/emij.2017.05.00117 · Cited by 1
Psychosocial outcomes in adults with type 1 diabetes following a novel ‘short course’ structured flexible MDI therapy self‐management programme
Knight, B. A., Hickman, I. J., GIBBONS, K. S., Taylor, J. L., & McIntyre, D. H. (2017) · Practical Diabetes · doi:10.1002/pdi.2126 · Cited by 1
Caso clínico: abordaje y manejo del peso en atención primaria a propósito de un caso
Lkadiri, S. B., Díaz, A. R. S., Hernández, P. P., et al. (2022) · Cuidar Revista de Enfermería de la Universidad de La Laguna · doi:10.25145/j.cuidar.2022.02.09 · Cited by 1
Psychosociale interventies bij mensen met diabetes
Keers, J. C., & Pouwer, F. (2008) · Psychologie & gezondheid · doi:10.1007/bf03077502 · Cited by 1
An Application of Health Behaviour Models to Diabetic Treatment Adherence: A Comparison of Protection Motivation Theory and The Theory of Planned Behaviour
Claude, J., & Claude, J. A. J. (2011) · Cited by 1
Diabetes Rehabilitation : Effects and Utilisation of a Multidisciplinary Intensive Education Programme
Keers, J. C. (2004) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 1
Online structured education for people newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes
Poduval, S. (2019) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 1
Prevalence of and risk factors for sexual dysfunctions in adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: Results from Diabetes MILES - Flanders
Cauwenberghe, J. V., Enzlin, P., Nefs, G., Ruige, J. B., Hendrieckx, C., Christophe, D. B., & Frans, P. (2021) · Endocrine Abstracts · doi:10.1530/endoabs.79.017 · Cited by 1
Examining Relationships among Person Factors, Psychosocial Factors, and Coping Patterns in People Living with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in North Central Appalachia
McCoy, M. A. (2021) · doi:10.33915/etd.10316 · Cited by 1
Health Literacy and Self-efficacy as correlates of Self-Management of Type 2 Diabetes in Middle-Aged and Older Adults
Wilson, T. D. (2012) · doi:10.33915/etd.4938 · Cited by 1
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a culturally tailored Behavioural Activation intervention (DiaDeM) for treating Depression in Type 2 Diabetes: Protocol for a parallel arm, multi-country, randomised controlled trial in South AsiaPreprint
Siddiqui, F., Aslam, F., Ahmed, N., Afaq, S., Khan, A., Keding, A., Walker, S., Jennings, H. M., Zavala, G. A., Ekers, D., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.08.11.23294009 · Cited by 2
Understanding associations between chronic illness identity, psychological flexibility, and type 2 diabetes emotional, behavioral, and psychosocial functioning.
Bodziony, V. (2023) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/4119 · Cited by 1
インスリン治療に関するQOL質問表 (ITR-QOL) の臨床知見
均, 石., 壽一, 山., & 靖雄, 大. (2001) · 糖尿病 · doi:10.11213/tonyobyo1958.44.17 · Cited by 1
Perceived Problem Areas for Adults Living with Diabetes
Tolliver, V. (2001) · ScholarWorks - GVSU (Grand Valley State University)
Why and When Should We Screen for Depression and Other Psychological Problems?
Hermanns, N. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-85729-751-8_1
“in people with diabetes [ 5, 45, 46 ] .”
Background
Psychological Problems and Management of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Jacobson, A. M. (2004) · doi:10.1002/0470862092.d0813
Self-citation
Versão Brasileira da Escala PAID (Problem Areas in Diabetes): Avaliação do Impacto do Diabetes na Qualidade de Vida
Gross, C. C. (2004) · Americanae (AECID Library)
‘The long and winding road…’
Clark, M. (2006) · Practical Diabetes · doi:10.1002/pdi.901
An investigation into patients' and diabetes specialist nurses' experience of diabetes consultations in primary care
Priharjo, R. (2014) · Anglia Ruskin Research Online (Anglia Ruskin University)
Instrumentos de Avaliação de Qualidade de Vida Relacionada à Saúde no Diabetes Melito
da Faculdade, C. (2008)
The effect of nurse-coordinated telecare intervention on depressed mood and diabetes-related emotional stress among community-dwelling older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Southeastern Ontario
Jodoin, A. M. (2007)
Social support, diabetes self-care, and depressive symptoms among diabetes patients struggling with glycemic control
Lewis-Schroeder, N. F. (2012) · Digital Repository Service (Northeastern University) · doi:10.17760/d20002723
Sjúkdómsmynd og meðferðarheldni ungs fólks með insúlínháða sykursýki eftir flutning yfir á göngudeild fyrir fullorðna
Smári, J. (2009) · Læknablaðið
Diabetes Specialty Clinic
Homa, K. A., Detzer, M. J., Morgan, J. D., et al. (2013) · Quality Management in Health Care · doi:10.1097/qmh.0b013e31827decaa
Integration of Behavioral Health and Medical Services
Deavers, F. E., DePesa, N. S., Mitchell, J. C., Mazza, A. D., & Cassisi, J. E. (2015) · Journal of Patient Experience · doi:10.1177/2374373515615976
“The patient care survey consisted of several brief self-report measures including assessments of (1) patient satisfaction with their medical care (5 items), (2) satisfaction with the consultation visit (5 items), (3) treatment attitudes (3 items), (4) patient interest in various behavioral health services (5 items), a…”
Background
Improving Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose among Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: Results
Gilfillan, L. M. (2014)
Health Center Comprehensive Diabetes Management Program for Poorly Controlled Hispanic Type 2 Patients at a Community
Welch, G. W., Allen, N. A., Zagarins, S., Stamp, K. D., Bursell, S., & Kedziora, R. J. (2011)
Self-citation
The Effect of a Computerized Cognitive-Behavioral Stress Management Intervention On Psychological Factors and Diabetes Management
Bykowski, C. A. (2016) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Integrated Diabetes Care: Coventry and Warwickshire Approach
Saravanan, P., Patel, V., O’Hare, J. P., & Kumar, S. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13389-8_9
Article: Education and Psychological Aspects Can sharing experiences in groups reduce the burden of living with diabetes, regardless of glycaemic control?
Due‐Christensen, M., Zoffmann, V., Hommel, E. E., & Lau, M. C. C. (2012)
Access and Barriers to Care During Transition from Active Duty to Veteran Status in Veterans with Diabetes: A Look at Health Literacy, Change, and Ongoing Diabetes Self-Management Education
Malebranche, M. (2016) · doi:10.22371/07.2016.007
Knowledge and Perceptions of a Plant-Based Diet Among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes and High Food Security Living in Rural Appalachian Ohio
Culley, A. A. (2015) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Styl radzenia sobie z chorobą a wybór rodzaju wstrzykiwacza insuliny u chorych na cukrzycę typu 2 rozpoczynających insulinoterapię
Kokoszka, A., & Sieradzki, J. (2004) · Via Medica Journals
Measuring Diabetes Quality of Care: Clinical Outcomes, Cost-Effectiveness, and Patient Experience of Care
O’Connor, P. J., Sperl‐Hillen, J. M., & Gilmer, T. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11815-0_22
Impact of Diabetic Foot and others Comorbidities on the Quality of Life of Diabetic Patients Monitored at a Specialized Outpatient Clinic
Saalfeld, R. M., Purim, K. S. M., & Kusma, S. Z. (2019) · International Journal of Nursing · doi:10.15640/ijn.v6n1a12
“The instrument was developed by the Joslin Diabetes Center in Boston (Welch, Jacobson & Polonsky, 1997).”
MethodInfluential
Design and Implementation by Hospital Pharmacists of a Pharmacotherapy Management Protocol for Outpatients with Type-2 Diabetes
石村, 淳., Watanabe, F., 福井, 宗., et al. (2019) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · doi:10.32160/yakkyoku.oa.2018-1812
The development of a scale to measure stress recognition during the treatment of diabetes patients
Sumiyoshi, K., Kawata, C., Okamoto, T., et al. (2017) · Okayama Igakkai Zasshi (Journal of Okayama Medical Association) · doi:10.4044/joma.129.93
Testing the Psychometric Characteristics of the Revised Mastery of Stress Instrument in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Stamler, L. L., Hanna, K. M., Kupzyk, K. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Nursing Measurement · doi:10.1891/jnm-d-20-00137
Coping Strategies and their Association with Diabetes Emotional Distress, Depression and Diabetes Self-Care among People living with Diabetes in ZambiaPreprint
Hapunda, G. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1363090/v1
Letramento em saúde e níveis de estresse como fatores impactantes na adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso e controle glicêmico de pacientes com "diabetes mellitus" tipo 1
Messora, C. T. D. C. (2018) · doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2018.1063396
Psychosocial and Educational Implications of Diabetic Foot Complications
Weinger, K., Smaldone, A. M., & Beverly, E. A. (2018) · Contemporary diabetes · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89869-8_26
Understanding the Effectiveness of Diabetes Self-Management Education on Psychological Distress and Self-care Activity Measures
Khadka, A. (2022) · doi:10.31979/etd.npw2-r99s
An application of multi-group analysis on quality of life of diabetes patients
Jannoo, Z. (2022) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0082915

Authors: Welch, G. W., Jacobson, A. M., & Polonsky, W. H.
Affiliations: Mental Health Unit, Balboa Medical Center San Diego, California
Joslin Diabetes Center (US)
ORCID: Polonsky, William H
Venue: Diabetes Care
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
Published: 1997-05-01
Volume: 20
Issue: 5
Pages: 760-766
ISSN: 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
1935-5548
DOI: 10.2337/diacare.20.5.760
OpenAlex: W2134365893
Cited by: 664
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 37
FWCI: 0.71
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01dk027845-14)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK27845, DK42315, R01DK042315)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
Keywords: Problem Areas in Diabetes scale, emotional adjustment, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, discriminant validity, concurrent validity, psychometric properties, coping, health attitudes, insulin-treated diabetes, HbA1c
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Attitude to Health, Demography, Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Diabetic, Education, Emotions, Female, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Socioeconomic Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Discriminant Analysis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale: An evaluation of its clinical utility

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks