Cited by 664Diabetes Management and EducationPsychometric Methodologies and TestingHealth Education and Validation

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

The Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale: An evaluation of its clinical utility

Welch, Garry W, Jacobson, Alan M, Polonsky, William H·1997·Diabetes Care

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reliability and concurrent and discriminant validity of the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) scale, a new measure of emotional functioning in diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A battery of questionnaires, including the PAID, was completed by 256 volunteer diabetic outpatients. In our analyses, we examined the PAID's internal structure and compared mean IDDM and NIDDM treatment group scores in regression analyses to explore its discriminant validity. We also evaluated concurrent validity from the correlations between the PAID and diabetes-specific measures of coping and health attitudes and HbA1c. RESULTS: Principal component analyses identified a large emotional adjustment factor, supporting the use of the total score. Significant sizable correlations were found between the PAID and a range of selected health attitudinal measures. There were significant differences (with small-to-moderate effect sizes) in PAID scores between IDDM and NIDDM patients and between IDDM and NIDDM insulin- and tablet-treated subgroups; no differences were found between NIDDM insulin- and tablet-treated subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings provided support for the construct validity of the PAID, including evidence for discriminant validity from its ability to detect differences between IDDM and NIDDM treatment groups expected to differ in the emotional impact of life with diabetes. Future studies should explore the PAID's performance in nonspecialist treatment settings as well as its responsiveness to clinical change.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2337/diacare.20.5.760

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Sorted by citations

Items 601–663 of 663

Results of Two Strategies for Peer-Support in Patients with Recently Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes
García-Ulloa, A. C., Ramírez-García, J. A., Díaz-Pineda, M., et al. (2021) · Archives of Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.33425/2771-8972.1003
Results of Two Strategies for Peer-Support in Patients with Recently Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes
García-Ulloa, A. C., Ramírez-García, J. A., Díaz-Pineda, M., et al. (2021) · Archives of Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.33425/2771-8972.003
“Validated questionnaires were applied in visits to the Center, and also via electronic survey for: empowerment (The Diabetes Empowerment Scale-Short Form [DES-SF]) [10], anxiety and depression symptoms (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS] (considering abnormal eight or more points) [11,12], QoL (Diabetes Qual…”
Method
Protective and risk factors of recurrent severe hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes: A cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the PR-IAH studyPreprint
Sakane, N., Kato, K., Hata, S., Nishimura, E., Araki, R., Kouyama, K., Hatao, M., Matoba, Y., Matsushita, Y., Domichi, M., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1984365/v1
Deriving Value: Live Visits in the Context of a Changing World
Schneider, D. (2022) · Clinical Diabetes · doi:10.2337/cd22-0050
Low Intensity mental health Support via a Telehealth Enabled Network for adults with diabetes (LISTEN): Protocol for a hybrid type 1 effectiveness implementation trialPreprint
Holloway, E. E., Gray, S., Mihalopoulos, C., Versace, V. L., Gautier, R. L., Chatterton, M. L., Hagger, V. L., Halliday, J., Henshaw, K., Harrap, B., et al. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2659192/v1
Cuidar. Revista de Enfermería de la Universidad de La Laguna
García Hernández, A. M. (2022) · Cuidar Revista de Enfermería de la Universidad de La Laguna · doi:10.25145/j.cuidar.2022.02
Measuring Diabetes Quality of Care: Clinical Outcomes, Cost-Effectiveness, and Patient Experience of Care
O’Connor, P. J., Vickery, K. D., & Gilmer, T. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-25519-9_24
Cohort profile: the ‘Biomarkers of heterogeneity in type 1 diabetes’ study – a prospective cohort study of clinical and metabolic phenotyping of individuals with long-standing type 1 diabetesPreprint
Mul, D., Varkevisser, R. D. M., Aanstoot, H., Dekker, P., Birnie, E., Boersma, H. E., Boesten, L. S. M., Brugts, M. P., van Dijk, P. R., Geelhoed-Duijvestijn, P. H. L. M., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.08.17.23294197
糖尿病治療教育入院患者に出現したバウムテストの指標「幹の離接」の臨床的意義
大倉, 朱., 岡本, 三., 岡本, 元., et al. (2011) · 心身医学 · doi:10.15064/jjpm.51.10_902
Psychosocial Aspects
Huisman, S. D., & de Koning, E. J. P. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20999-4_25
Depression - What Is New and What Is Old in Human Existence
Durbano, F., Irtelli, F., & Marchesi, B. (2023) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1000384 · Cited by 2
Ehealth intervention to optimize adherence in late adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes
AlBurno, H. (2023) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20240118ha
Diabetes-Related Distress and associated factors among People with Type 2 Diabetes in Mekelle City, Tigray region, Ethiopia
Berhe, K. K. (2023) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1002736
Self-management support interventions for type 2 diabetic patients
Jiamjarasrangsi, W. (2013) · Chulalongkorn Medical Journal · doi:10.58837/chula.cmj.57.3.2
Implementation and scalability of primary care interventions to improve patients medication use
Hogervorst, S. (2024) · doi:10.5463/thesis.531
PSYCHOMETRIC EVALUATION OF THE FARSI VERSION OF THE NOTTINGHAM ASSESSMENT OF FUNCTIONAL FOOT-CARE (F-NAFF)
Jafari, M., Gheshlagh, R. G., Ebadi, A., Nia, H. S., Nassehi, A., Aslani, M., & Parizad, N. (2024) · Nursing and Midwifery Journal · doi:10.61186/unmf.22.3.250
Effects of a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet delivered with meal kits to Danish people with type 2 diabetes: protocol for a 12-month randomised controlled trial
Kopp, L. H. P., Søgaard-Hansen, C. M., Zachhau, K. M., Bastkjær, R. M., Andersen, B. V., Budtz–Jørgensen, E., Byrne, D. V., Chaaban, N., Holst, J. J., Klindt, T., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-084686
Psychosocial Issues
(2021) · American Diabetes Association eBooks · doi:10.2337/9781580407694.ch04
Cost-effective analysis focused on hypoglycemia of intermittent-scanning continuous glucose monitoring in type 1 diabetes adults: a ISCHIA randomized clinical trial
Sakane, N., Matsuhisa, M., Kuroda, A., Miura, J., Hirota, Y., Kato, K., Toyoda, M., Kouyama, R., Kouyama, K., Shimada, A., et al. (2024) · Diabetology International · doi:10.1007/s13340-024-00762-1
“Diabetes-related distress was assessed using the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID) questionnaire [18], with higher scores indicating greater diabetes-related distress (cutoff ≥40 indicates high distress) [19].”
Adaptation of The Diabetes Distress Scale on a Russian-speaking sample of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Likhodey, N. V., Epishin, V., Kalashnikova, M. F., Kaurova, A. M., Tulupova, M. V., Sych, Y. P., & Bondareva, I. B. (2024) · Diabetes Mellitus · doi:10.14341/dm13150
Continuous glucose monitoring as a tool for psychological support - exploring metabolic control and psychological well-being after initial cgm implementation in adults with type 1 diabetes (Preprint)Preprint
Matejko, B., Drynda, A., CYRANKA, K. M., Juza, A., Nabrdalik, K., Kwiendacz, H., Szromek‐Białek, P., Strzała-Kłeczek, A., Araszkiewicz, A., Gumprecht, J., et al. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.69526
Prevalence and Correlates of Diabetes Distress in Pregnant Individuals With Preexisting Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study
Menezes, H. T., Ali, M. U., Yost, J., Nerenberg, K. A., Landeen, J., & Sherifali, D. (2024) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/ds24-0014
Tip 2 Diyabetli Bireylerde Beslenme ve Hastalıkla İlişkili Sorun Alanlarının Araştırılması
Baygut, H. (2025) · Haliç Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.48124/husagbilder.1590269
Effects of individual, health system and neighborhood risks on diabetes health outcomes among emerging adults with type 1 diabetes
Ellis, D. A., Carcone, A. I., Buggs‐Saxton, C., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112415
Study protocol for exploring diabetes numeracy and health literacy across Europe ( EDUCATE ): A multicentre cross‐sectional study
den Brok, E. J., Svensson, C. H., Dimitropoulou, N. M., Broeng‐Mikkelgaard, S., Olsen, M. T., Rahman, L. A., Papathanail, I., Wiede, A., Peters, J., Mertens, P. R., et al. (2025) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.70140
Type 1 diabetes and mental health difficulties: development of an evidence-based care pathway identification tool
Jell, G., Wroe, A. L., Saadiya, A., Causier, C., Palmer, E., Dosanjh, L., & McKechnie, V. (2025) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x25100159
“…recommend the use of a validated measure of diabetes distress (e.g. the Diabetes Distress Scale, DDS (Polonsky et al ., 2005) or the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale, PAID (Welch et al ., 1997)) to be used alongside standard tools in the clinical assessment of people living with type 1 diabetes.”
Influential
Understanding Immediate Concerns at Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosis: A Qualitative Comparison of Perspectives From Newly Diagnosed Adults and Clinicians
Boakye, M. D. S., Ansong, R., Owolabi, E. O., Omololu, S. O., Abdelrahman, H., & Whitehouse, C. R. (2025) · Clinical Diabetes · doi:10.2337/cd25-0049 · Cited by 1
Diabetes Collaborative Care for Young Adults: A Formative, Mixed Methods Study of a Pragmatic, Multidisciplinary Care Model for Young Adults With Diabetes in an Adult Center
Vakharia, J. D., Theodorakakis, M. D., Schulte, C. C. M., Shinnick, D. J., Thaweethai, T., O’Donnell, E., & Wexler, D. J. (2025) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2025.11.003
Comparative Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Delivery Formats for Individuals with Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis
Hu, M., Li, M., Liu, Q., Luo, Z., Zhang, Y., Niu, Y., Jiang, X., & Yang, K. (2025) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-025-09944-2
Depression in Older Adults with Diabetes: Measurement and Implications for Care
Beverly, E. A., & Weinger, K. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-85729-751-8_7
“A psychosocial screening [ 74 ] should include assessments of, but not limited to, depression [ 76, 77, 83, 84, 139, 140 ] , diabetes attitudes [ 141 ] , diabetes-related quality of life [ 142, 143 ] , diabetes-related distress [ 25, 144 ] , expectations for medical management and outcomes, general affect and mood [ 1…”
Background
Evaluating Quality of Life in Diabetes: Methods and Findings
Jacobson, A. M. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1230-0_14
Self-citation
Additional file 1 of Community-based type 2 diabetes care by lay village health workers in rural Lesotho: protocol for a cluster-randomized trial within the ComBaCaL cohort study (ComBaCaL T2D TwiC)
Gerber, F., Gupta, R., Lejone, T. I., Tahirsylaj, T., Lee, T. T., Kohler, M., Haldemann, M. I., Raeber, F., Chitja, M., Manthabiseng, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26631454
Additional file 5 of Sitting less and moving more for improved metabolic and brain health in type 2 diabetes: ‘OPTIMISE your health’ trial protocol
Brakenridge, C. J., Gardiner, P. A., Grigg, R., WINKLER, E. A. H., Fjeldsoe, B. S., Schaumberg, M. A., Owen, N. G., Eakin, E., Biddle, S. J. H., Moodie, M., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19746397
Additional file 11 of Sitting less and moving more for improved metabolic and brain health in type 2 diabetes: ‘OPTIMISE your health’ trial protocol
Brakenridge, C. J., Gardiner, P. A., Grigg, R., WINKLER, E. A. H., Fjeldsoe, B. S., Schaumberg, M. A., Owen, N. G., Eakin, E., Biddle, S. J. H., Moodie, M., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19746382
Additional file 3 of Sitting less and moving more for improved metabolic and brain health in type 2 diabetes: ‘OPTIMISE your health’ trial protocol
Brakenridge, C. J., Gardiner, P. A., Grigg, R., WINKLER, E. A. H., Fjeldsoe, B. S., Schaumberg, M. A., Owen, N. G., Eakin, E., Biddle, S., Moodie, M., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19746391
Additional file 6 of Sitting less and moving more for improved metabolic and brain health in type 2 diabetes: ‘OPTIMISE your health’ trial protocol
Brakenridge, C. J., Gardiner, P. A., Grigg, R., WINKLER, E. A. H., Fjeldsoe, B. S., Schaumberg, M. A., Owen, N. G., Eakin, E., Biddle, S. J. H., Moodie, M., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19746400
Additional file 1 of Sitting less and moving more for improved metabolic and brain health in type 2 diabetes: ‘OPTIMISE your health’ trial protocol
Brakenridge, C. J., Gardiner, P. A., Grigg, R., WINKLER, E. A. H., Fjeldsoe, B. S., Schaumberg, M. A., Owen, N. G., Eakin, E., Biddle, S. J. H., Moodie, M., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19746385
Additional file 1 of Evaluating the effectiveness and utility of a novel culturally-adapted telemonitoring system in improving the glycaemic control of Asians with type-2 diabetes mellitus: a mixed method study protocol
Goh, K. L. S., Lee, C. S., Koh, C. H. G., Ling, N. L., Ang, S. B., Oh, C., Lin, Y., Yuan, W., Zheng, Q. C., & Tan, N. C. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14490175
Additional file 3 of Evaluating the effectiveness and utility of a novel culturally-adapted telemonitoring system in improving the glycaemic control of Asians with type-2 diabetes mellitus: a mixed method study protocol
Goh, K. L. S., Lee, C. S., Koh, C. H. G., Ling, N. L., Ang, S. B., Oh, C., Lin, Y., Yuan, W., Zheng, Q. C., & Tan, N. C. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14490181
Additional file 1 of Low-Intensity mental health Support via a Telehealth Enabled Network for adults with diabetes (LISTEN): protocol for a hybrid type 1 effectiveness implementation trial
Holloway, E. E., Gray, S., Mihalopoulos, C., Versace, V. L., Gautier, R. L., Chatterton, M. L., Hagger, V. L., Halliday, J., Henshaw, K., Harrap, B., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26591276
Additional file 8 of Sitting less and moving more for improved metabolic and brain health in type 2 diabetes: ‘OPTIMISE your health’ trial protocol
Brakenridge, C. J., Gardiner, P. A., Grigg, R., WINKLER, E. A. H., Fjeldsoe, B. S., Schaumberg, M. A., Owen, N. G., Eakin, E., Biddle, S., Moodie, M., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19746406
Additional file 1 of Improving Diabetes Equity and Advancing Care (IDEA) to optimize team-based care at a safety-net health system for Black and Latine patients living with diabetes: study protocol for a sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial
Jacobs, J., Labellarte, P. Z., Margellos-Anast, H., Garcia, L., Qeadan, F., Tingey, B., Barnick, K. A., Dougherty, A., & Wagener, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26753380
Additional file 7 of Sitting less and moving more for improved metabolic and brain health in type 2 diabetes: ‘OPTIMISE your health’ trial protocol
Brakenridge, C. J., Gardiner, P. A., Grigg, R., WINKLER, E. A. H., Fjeldsoe, B. S., Schaumberg, M. A., Owen, N. G., Eakin, E., Biddle, S. J. H., Moodie, M., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19746403
Additional file 4 of Sitting less and moving more for improved metabolic and brain health in type 2 diabetes: ‘OPTIMISE your health’ trial protocol
Brakenridge, C. J., Gardiner, P. A., Grigg, R., WINKLER, E. A. H., Fjeldsoe, B. S., Schaumberg, M. A., Owen, N. G., Eakin, E., Biddle, S. J. H., Moodie, M., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19746394
Additional file 10 of Sitting less and moving more for improved metabolic and brain health in type 2 diabetes: ‘OPTIMISE your health’ trial protocol
Brakenridge, C. J., Gardiner, P. A., Grigg, R., WINKLER, E. A. H., Fjeldsoe, B. S., Schaumberg, M. A., Owen, N. G., Eakin, E., Biddle, S. J. H., Moodie, M., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19746379
Additional file 2 of Sitting less and moving more for improved metabolic and brain health in type 2 diabetes: ‘OPTIMISE your health’ trial protocol
Brakenridge, C. J., Gardiner, P. A., Grigg, R., WINKLER, E. A. H., Fjeldsoe, B. S., Schaumberg, M. A., Owen, N. G., Eakin, E., Biddle, S. J. H., Moodie, M., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19746388
Additional file 9 of Sitting less and moving more for improved metabolic and brain health in type 2 diabetes: ‘OPTIMISE your health’ trial protocol
Brakenridge, C. J., Gardiner, P. A., Grigg, R., WINKLER, E. A. H., Fjeldsoe, B. S., Schaumberg, M. A., Owen, N. G., Eakin, E., Biddle, S. J. H., Moodie, M., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19746409
Additional file 1 of Dulaglutide improves glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia in inpatient care and reduces dose and injection frequency of insulin
Uchinuma, H., Ichijo, M., Harima, N., & Tsuchiya, K. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12270095
Additional file 2 of Evaluating the effectiveness and utility of a novel culturally-adapted telemonitoring system in improving the glycaemic control of Asians with type-2 diabetes mellitus: a mixed method study protocol
Goh, K. L. S., Lee, C. S., Koh, C. H. G., Ling, N. L., Ang, S. B., Oh, C., Lin, Y., Yuan, W., Zheng, Q. C., & Tan, N. C. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14490178
Additional file 2 of Low-Intensity mental health Support via a Telehealth Enabled Network for adults with diabetes (LISTEN): protocol for a hybrid type 1 effectiveness implementation trial
Holloway, E. E., Gray, S., Mihalopoulos, C., Versace, V. L., Gautier, R. L., Chatterton, M. L., Hagger, V. L., Halliday, J., Henshaw, K., Harrap, B., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26591279
Investigating the role of perceived autonomy support in moderating the association between diabetes stigma and psychological and diabetes self-management outcomes among adults with type 2 diabetes in Ghana
Akyirem, S., Wang, K., Melkus, G. D., Nam, S., Micah, F. B., Ekpor, E., & Nelson, L. E. (2026) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0006027
“Diabetes-related distress was measured by the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID) [37].”
Development of the Patient Satisfaction with Medication for Diabetes (PSMD) questionnaire
Boye, K. S., Stewart, K. D., Matza, L. S., Soucier-Ernst, D., Houle, C. R., GOETZ, I. A., Patel, H. N., & Kanu, C. (2026) · Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s41687-026-01037-w
“…[23, 24, 26–29], inclusion of items that are only relevant to specific types of treatment [27, 28, 32–36], lack of specificity in response scales [25, 33, 35], focus on treatment burden rather than treatment satisfaction [24, 31], and lack of evaluation of overall treatment satisfaction [30, 45].”
Promoting Problem-Solving Among Low-Income Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial of a Mobile Health Intervention With SMS Text Messaging (Mobile Diabetes Detective)
Mamykina, L., Smaldone, A. M., Henry, S. B., Cole-Lewis, H. J., Heitkemper, E., Jia, H., Kukafka, R., Tobin, J. N., Cassells, A. N., Davidson, P. G., et al. (2026) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/82305
“…abilities (Diabetes Problem-Solving Inventory [DPSI]) [46], diabetes self-care behaviors (Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Questionnaire [SDSCA]) [54], diabetes self-efficacy (Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale [DSES]) [55], and diabetes distress (Problem Areas in Diabetes [PAID]) [56].”
Endocrine Disorders and Psychiatric Symptoms: A Comprehensive Overview
Concepción‐Zavaleta, M. J., Aldave, J. E. Q., Fuentes‐Mendoza, J. M., Durand‐Vásquez, M. D. C., Basurto-Ayala, A., Urteaga, L. A. C., Peralta, D. C., & Paz‐Ibarra, J. (2026) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-026-00381-4
Assessing Diabetes Stigma in German People With Diabetes: Psychometric Validation of the German Versions of the Diabetes Stigma Assessment Scales (DSAS-1 and DSAS-2)
Klinker, L. Y., SCHMITT, A. J., Ehrmann, D., Priesterroth, L., Roos, T., Speight, J., Holmes‐Truscott, E., Kulzer, B., & Hermanns, N. (2026) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/a-2835-0606
A Phase 2 Trial of Frexalimab, a CD40L Antagonist, in Adolescents and Adults With Recent‐Onset Type 1 Diabetes ( FABULINUS ): Rationale and Study Design
Cherkas, A., Rotthaeuser, B., Pørksen, N., et al. (2026) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.70785
A Patient- and Function-Centric Model/Approach for Hypoglycemia Management in Older Adults
Alagiakrishnan, K., Mereu, L., Rahim, G., Ghosh, M., & Vu, A. (2026) · Geriatrics · doi:10.3390/geriatrics11050118
“Compared to other tools, the PAID scale captures a broader range of emotional challenges, particularly those related to diet and diabetes complications, and shows a stronger correlation with depressive symptoms and maladaptive coping strategies [75].”
Insulin, Semaglutide and Dapagliflozin in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: Design and Methods of Triple Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes ( TTT1 )—An International Phase 3 Clinical Trial
Timmons, J. G., Ghanim, H., Boyle, J. G., Greenlaw, N., Chaudhuri, A., Batra, M., Lindsay, R. S., Jolly, L., Bonner, C., McConnachie, A., et al. (2026) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.71076
“…monitoring (CGM) parameters (including Time in Range and Time Below Range) [24], body weight, daily insulin requirement, blood pressure and Quality of Life [as assessed by validated questionnaires Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID) and Diabetes Specific Quality of Life Scale (DSQOLS)] [25, 26].”
Diabetes Priorities Questionnaire (DPQ): a codesigned preclinic priority setting tool to enable patient-centred care for people with type 2 diabetes
Ravi, S., Ayre, J., Serrano, J., MABERLY, G. F., McCaffery, K. J., & Bonner, C. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-109436
“In round 1 (FG1 for patients and FG2 for HCPs), participants reviewed the PAID-20, DDS and the paper format of the original Diabetes Priorities Questionnaire (DPQ), discussing the relevance, clarity and burden of each question item.”
Influential
Confirmatory factor analysis of the parent and child problem areas in diabetes measures in a clinical sample of youth with type 1 diabetes
Monzon, A. D., Patton, S. R., Lockee, B., Weissberg-Benchell, J. A., & Clements, M. A. (2026) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsag060
“I should have been asked how I was doing”: The impact of healthcare encounters on mental health among young adults living with type 1 diabetes
Whitmore, C., Sherifali, D., Mangialardi, N., Mytkolli, L., Saiva, A., Maghera, J., John, A. S., McQuire, T., Strudwick, G., Cafazzo, J. A., et al. (2026) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2026.08.006
Metabolic and Psychological Effects of Mylife CamAPS FX Hybrid Closed‐Loop Therapy in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes, Markedly Elevated HbA1c , and Psychological Vulnerability: The Hi‐Loop Randomised Clinical Trial
Hohendorff, J., Klupa, T., Wrobel, M., Grzelka‐Wozniak, A., Sochacka-Tatara, E., PLONKA-STEPIEN, M., Zych, Z., Matejko, B., ADAMCZYK-HOHENDORFF, M. M., Rokicka, D., et al. (2026) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.71339
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Binge‐Eating Disorder in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Nybo, P. F., Roeder, M., Lichtenstein, M. B., Støving, R. K., & Linnet, J. (2026) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.70232

Authors: Welch, G. W., Jacobson, A. M., & Polonsky, W. H.
Affiliations: Mental Health Unit, Balboa Medical Center San Diego, California
Joslin Diabetes Center (US)
ORCID: Polonsky, William H
Venue: Diabetes Care
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
Published: 1997-05-01
Volume: 20
Issue: 5
Pages: 760-766
ISSN: 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
1935-5548
DOI: 10.2337/diacare.20.5.760
OpenAlex: W2134365893
Cited by: 664
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 37
FWCI: 0.71
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01dk027845-14)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK27845, DK42315, R01DK042315)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
Keywords: Problem Areas in Diabetes scale, emotional adjustment, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, discriminant validity, concurrent validity, psychometric properties, coping, health attitudes, insulin-treated diabetes, HbA1c
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Attitude to Health, Demography, Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Diabetic, Education, Emotions, Female, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Socioeconomic Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Discriminant Analysis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale: An evaluation of its clinical utility

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks