Cited by 889Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsDiabetes Management and ResearchDiabetes Management and Education

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Mortality in Adults With and Without Diabetes in a National Cohort of the U.S. Population, 1971–1993

Gu, Ken, Cowie, Catherine C, Harris, Maureen I·1998·Diabetes Care

DOI 10.2337/diacare.21.7.1138

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To examine 22-year mortality (1971-1993), causes of death, life expectancy, and survival in a national sample of diabetic and nondiabetic adults according to age, sex, and race. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A representative national cohort of 14,374 adults aged 25-74 years was identified in 1971-1975 in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I). Diabetes was ascertained by medical history interview. The cohort was followed for mortality through 1992-1993, with verification of vital status for 96.2% (n = 13,830). Causes of death were determined from death certificates. RESULTS: Diabetic subjects comprised 5.1% of the cohort and accounted for 10.6% of the deaths. Mortality for diabetic subjects increased from 12.4 per 1,000 person-years for those aged 25-44 years at baseline to 89.7 per 1,000 person-years for those aged 65-74 years. The age-adjusted mortality rate was 57% higher for diabetic men than for diabetic women; the rate was 27% higher for diabetic non-Hispanic blacks than for diabetic non-Hispanic whites. Mortality rates were highest for insulin-treated subjects and for those with > or = 15 years' duration of diabetes. Diabetes was listed on the death certificate as the underlying cause of death for only 7.7% of diabetic men and 13.4% of diabetic women. Considering multiple causes of death, heart disease was listed the most frequently and was present on 69.5% of death certificates of people with diabetes. Death rates were higher for diabetic than for nondiabetic subjects in all age, sex, and race groups. The relative risk of death (diabetic versus nondiabetic subjects) declined with age from a value of 3.6 for those aged 25-44 years at baseline to 1.5 for those aged 65-74 years. The relative risk was elevated in diabetic subjects for all major causes of death except malignant neoplasms. Survival of diabetic subjects was lower than that of nondiabetic subjects in all age, sex, and race groups. Median life expectancy was 8 years lower for diabetic adults aged 55-64 years and 4 years lower for those aged 65-74 years. CONCLUSIONS: In this representative national sample of adults, mortality rates were higher for diabetic men than for diabetic women and for diabetic blacks than for diabetic whites. The study confirms the substantially higher risk of death, lower survival, and lower life expectancy of diabetic adults compared with nondiabetic adults.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2337/diacare.21.7.1138

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 889

Effects of Dichrostachys glomerata spice on cardiovascular diseases risk factors in normoglycemic and type 2 diabetic obese volunteers
Kuate, D., Etoundi, B. C., Ngondi, J. L., & Oben, J. E. (2010) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2010.09.037 · Cited by 22
Mortality of patients with type 2 diabetes in Taiwan: A 10-year nationwide follow-up study
Lin, W., Hsu, C.-H., Chen, H.-F., Liu, C.-C., & Li, C. (2014) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2014.09.021 · Cited by 22
“5%) in patients with DM, particularly ischemic heart disease [18].”
Background
Macro and microvascular complications are determinants of increased infection-related mortality in Brazilian type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Cardoso, C. R. L., & Salles, G. F. (2006) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2006.04.008 · Cited by 22
The Standard of Care in Type 2 Diabetes: Re-evaluating the Treatment Paradigm
Mohan, V., Cooper, M. E., Matthews, D. R., & Khunti, K. (2019) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-019-0573-y · Cited by 25
“Hyperglycaemia is a major risk factor, and there is good epidemiological data, such as National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, showing that the presence of hyperglycaemia decreases survival [31].”
Background
Homocysteine Levels are Associated with Endothelial Function in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Hu, Y., Xu, Y., & Wang, G. (2019) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2019.0011 · Cited by 22
The Impact of Type 2 Diabetes on Mortality in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients Differs between Genders
Karamé, A., Labeeuw, M., Trolliet, P., et al. (2009) · Nephron Clinical Practice · doi:10.1159/000224794 · Cited by 22
Nε-(Carboxymethyl)lysine and Coronary Atherosclerosis-Associated Low Density Lipoprotein Abnormalities in Type 2 Diabetes: Current Status
Ahmed, K. A., Muniandy, S., & Ismail, I. S. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition · doi:10.3164/jcbn.08-190 · Cited by 22
“About 70% of deaths among type 2 diabetes patients result from CAD [28].”
Background
Screening for Type 2 Diabetes and Dysglycemia in Saudi Arabia: Development and Validation of Risk Scores
Memish, Z. A., Chang, J., Saeedi, M. Y., Hamid, M., Abid, O., & Ali, M. K. (2015) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2014.0267 · Cited by 21
Controlling Diabetes After Liver Transplantation
Alvarez‐Sotomayor, D., Satorres, C., Rodríguez-Medina, B., Herrero, I., de la Mata, M., Serrano, T., Rodríguez‐Perálvarez, M., D’Avola, D., Lorente, S., Rubín, Á., et al. (2016) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/tp.0000000000001399 · Cited by 21
Canagliflozin Inhibits Human Endothelial Cell Inflammation through the Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1
Peyton, K. J., Behnammanesh, G., Durante, G. L., & Durante, W. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23158777 · Cited by 21
Deep sea minerals prolong life span of streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats by compensatory augmentation of the IGF‐I‐survival signaling and inhibition of apoptosis
Liao, H., Shibu, M. A., Kuo, W., et al. (2015) · Environmental Toxicology · doi:10.1002/tox.22086 · Cited by 21
“…and heart diseases are found to be the principle cause of the higher death rates therefore DM patients are known to have higher risk of death, lower survival, and lower life expectancy (Sasaki, 1994; Gu et al., 1998; Lee et al., 1998; Brun et al., 2000; Saydah et al., 2002; Romon et al., 2008).”
Background
Racial disparities in cardiovascular risk factor control in an underinsured population with Type 2 diabetes
Wang, Y., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Horswell, R. L., Zhao, W., Li, W., Johnson, J., Ryan, D. H., & Hu, G. (2014) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.12470 · Cited by 21
Significant Coronary Stenosis in Asymptomatic Chinese With Different Glycemic Status
Xu, Y., Bi, Y., Li, M., Wang, T., Sun, K., Xu, M., Lu, J., Yu, Y., Li, X., Lai, S., et al. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-0977 · Cited by 21
“Heart disease is the most frequent cause of death in those with diabetes, accounting for 70% of all deaths (18).”
Background
Report on Racial Disparities in Hospitalized Patients with Hyperglycemia and Diabetes
Fayfman, M., Vellanki, P., Alexopoulos, A., Buehler, L. A., Zhao, L., Smiley, D. D., Haw, S., Weaver, J., Pasquel, F. J., & Umpierrez, G. E. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2015-3220 · Cited by 22
Cardiovascular Screening for the Asymptomatic Patient with Diabetes: More Cons Than Pros
Makrilakis, K., & Liatis, S. (2017) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2017/8927473 · Cited by 22
The Effects of Exenatide and Metformin on Endothelial Function in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Case–Control Study
Hu, Y., Liu, J., Wang, G., & Xu, Y. (2018) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-018-0435-z · Cited by 21
Association of sleep-disordered breathing with severe chronic vascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes
Stadler, S., Jalili, S., Schreib, A., Jung, B., Zeman, F., Böger, C. A., Heid, I. M., Arzt, M. E., Andreae, A., Haas, G., et al. (2018) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.05.001 · Cited by 21
Survival of the fattest: unexpected findings about hyperglycaemia and obesity in a population based study of 75-year-olds
Nilsson, G., Hedberg, P., & Öhrvik, J. (2011) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2010-000012 · Cited by 21
Prevalence and determinants of microalbuminurea among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, Baghdad, Iraq, 2013
Ali, A. A., & Lami, F. (2016) · Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation · doi:10.4103/1319-2442.178561 · Cited by 20
Depression Screening Disparities Among Veterans With Diabetes Compared With the General Veteran Population
Jones, L. E., & Carney, C. P. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-0350 · Cited by 21
Cardiovascular Risk Reduction among African Americans: A Call to Action
Watson, K. E. (2008) · Journal of the National Medical Association · doi:10.1016/s0027-9684(15)31170-6 · Cited by 21
Diabetes Mellitus Increased Mortality Rates More in Gender-Specific than in Nongender-Specific Cancer Patients: A Retrospective Study of 149,491 Patients
Chiou, W., Hwang, J., Hsu, K., & Lin, J. (2012) · Experimental Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2012/701643 · Cited by 20
“Hindawi Publishing Corporation Experimental Diabetes Research Volume 2012, Article ID 701643, 6 pages doi:10.1155/2012/701643”
BackgroundInfluential
Outcomes of autogenous fistulas and prosthetic grafts for hemodialysis access in diabetic and nondiabetic patients
Arhuidese, I. J., Purohit, A. M., Elemuo, C., et al. (2020) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2020.02.035 · Cited by 20
A triterpene glochidon from Phyllanthus debilis: Isolation, computational studies, and antidiabetic activity evaluation
Verma, A., Pathak, P., Rimac, H., Khalilullah, H., Kumar, V., Grishina, M., Potemkin, V., & Ahmed, B. (2021) · Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102138 · Cited by 20
Status and perspectives of hospital mortality in a public urban Hellenic hospital, based on a five-year review
Papadopoulos, I. N., Papaefthymiou, M. A., Roumeliotis, L., et al. (2008) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-28 · Cited by 20
“People with diabetes mellitus have a substantially reduced life expectancy, a twofold higher risk of death from cardiovascular disease when compared to non-diabetics [ 24 ] and a high risk of developing renal failure.”
Background
A review of mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Asfandiyarova, N. S. (2015) · Diabetes Mellitus · doi:10.14341/dm6846 · Cited by 21
Addressing geographic confounding through spatial propensity scores: a study of racial disparities in diabetes
Davis, M. L., Neelon, B., Nietert, P. J., Hunt, K. J., Burgette, L. F., Lawson, A. B., & Egede, L. E. (2017) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280217735700 · Cited by 22
“If model (4) is correctly specified, an unbiased, inverse-probability weight (IPW) estimator of the ACD is given by”
Method
Apolipoprotein CIII and diabetes. Is there a link?
Christopoulou, E. C., Tsimihodimos, V., Filippatos, T. D., & Elisaf, M. (2018) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3118 · Cited by 21
Impact of Diabetes on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Hemodialysis Patients Undergoing Coronary Revascularization
Natsuaki, M., Furukawa, Y., Morimoto, T., Nakagawa, Y., Akao, M., Ono, K., Shioi, T., Shizuta, S., Sakata, R., Okabayashi, H., et al. (2011) · Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/circj.cj-10-1235 · Cited by 19
Antipsychotic Use and the Risk of Diabetes in Nursing Home Residents with Dementia
Jalbert, J. J., Daiello, L. A., Eaton, C. B., Miller, S. C., & Lapane, K. L. (2011) · The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.amjopharm.2011.04.006 · Cited by 20
Bystanders or Bad Seeds? Many Autoimmune-target Cells May Be Transforming to Cancer and Signalling “Danger” to the Immune System
Reines, B. (2001) · Autoimmunity · doi:10.3109/08916930108995997 · Cited by 20
Asymptomatic patients with diabetes mellitus should not be screened for coronary artery disease
Gibbons, R. J. (2006) · Journal of Nuclear Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.nuclcard.2006.06.130 · Cited by 20
Antidepressants Reduced Risk of Mortality in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan
Chen, H.-M., Yang, Y., Chen, K.-J., Lee, Y. L., McIntyre, R. S., Lu, M., Lee, Y.-C., Hsieh, M.-C., & Chen, V. C. (2019) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2018-02362 · Cited by 19
Coronary artery disease (CAD) extension-derived risk stratification for asymptomatic diabetic patients: usefulness of low-dose coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in detecting high-risk profile patients
Palumbo, P., Cannizzaro, E., Bruno, F., Schicchi, N., Fogante, M., Agostini, A., Donato, M. C. D., Cataldo, C. D., Giovagnoni, A., Barile, A., et al. (2020) · La radiologia medica · doi:10.1007/s11547-020-01204-z · Cited by 19
Diabetes and life expectancy among Japanese – NIPPON DATA80
Turin, T. C., Murakami, Y., Miura, K., Rumana, N., Kadota, A., Ohkubo, T., Okamura, T., Okayama, A., & Ueshima, H. (2012) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2012.01.003 · Cited by 19
Predicting Changes in Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes in the Post-UKPDS Era: Longitudinal Analysis of the Swedish National Diabetes Register
Kiadaliri, A., Clarke, P., Gerdtham, U., Nilsson, P. M., Eliasson, B., Guðbjörnsdóttir, S., & Carlsson, K. S. (2013) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2013/241347 · Cited by 20
“Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Diabetes Research Volume 2013, Article ID 241347, 9 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/241347”
BackgroundInfluential
Effect of 12-month intervention with low-dose atorvastatin on pulse wave velocity in subjects with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidaemia
Grigoropoulou, P., Tentolouris, A., Eleftheriadou, I., Tsilingiris, D., Vlachopoulos, C. V., Sykara, M., & Tentolouris, N. (2018) · Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research · doi:10.1177/1479164118805320 · Cited by 20
Non-HDL cholesterol is an independent risk factor for aspirin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetes
Kim, J. D., Park, C., Ahn, K. J., et al. (2014) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.01.015 · Cited by 19
Prediction of Cardiovascular Events with Consideration of General and Central Obesity Measures in Diabetic Adults: Results of the 8.4-Year Follow-Up
Khalili, S., Hatami, M., Hadaegh, F., Sheikholeslami, F. H., & Azizi, F. (2012) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2011.0070 · Cited by 17
Association of ischemia on stress (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin myocardial perfusion imaging with all-cause mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus.
Elhendy, A. A., Huurman, A., Schinkel, A. F. L., Bax, J. J., van Domburg, R. T., Valkema, R., Biagini, E., & Poldermans, D. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 19
Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes
Ronald, C. W., & Tong, P. C. Y. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444324808.ch4 · Cited by 19
Causes of death, incidence and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in Thai type 2 diabetic patients: a 5-year follow-up study
Leelawattana, R., Rattarasarn, C., Lim, A., Soonthornpun, S., & Setasuban, W. (2003) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/s0168-8227(03)00035-4 · Cited by 17
The Cholesterol, Hypertension, and Glucose Education (CHANGE) study for African Americans with diabetes: Study design and methodology
Powers, B. J., King, J., Ali, R., Alkon, A., Bowlby, L. A., Edelman, D. E., Gentry, P., Grubber, J. M., Koropchak, C. M., Maciejewski, M. L., et al. (2009) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2009.06.026 · Cited by 19
Assessment of cardiovascular risk in diabetes: Risk scores and provocative testing
Lam, T., Burns, K. A., Dennis, M., Cheung, N. W., & Gunton, J. E. (2015) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i4.634 · Cited by 19
Utilization of statins and aspirin among patients with diabetes and hyperlipidemia: Taiwan, 1998–2006☆
Lin, Y.-C., Yang, C., Chen, Y., Peng, W.-C., Li, C., & Hwu, C. (2012) · Journal of the Chinese Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jcma.2012.08.020 · Cited by 18
Fitness consultations in routine care of patients with type 2 diabetes in general practice: an 18-month non-randomised intervention study
Lohmann, H., Siersma, V., & Olivarius, N. D. F. (2010) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/1471-2296-11-83 · Cited by 18
“These patients have increased cardiovascular mortality [9] and many comorbidities [10], e.”
Background
Cardiovascular risk factor control among diabetic patients attending community-based diabetic care clinics in Italy
Colivicchi, F., Uguccioni, M., Ragonese, M., et al. (2006) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2006.05.013 · Cited by 18
Low short-term and long-term cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in absence of coronary artery calcium: A 22-year follow-up observational study from large cohort
Shaikh, K. A., Li, D., Nakanishi, R., Kinninger, A., Almeida, S. O., Cherukuri, L., Shekar, C., Roy, S. K., Birudaraju, D., Rai, K., et al. (2019) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2019.05.015 · Cited by 18
Randomized trial of atorvastatin in improving endothelial function in diabetics without prior coronary disease and having average cholesterol level.
Tantikosoom, W., Thinkhamrop, B., Kiatchusakul, S., et al. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 18
Use of Innovative Technologies in the Evaluation of Nashvilleʼs REACH 2010 Community Action Plan: Reducing Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes in the African American Community
Schlundt, D. G., Mushi, C., Larson, C. O., et al. (2001) · Journal of Ambulatory Care Management · doi:10.1097/00004479-200107000-00009 · Cited by 18
Estimating Life Expectancy for Use in Determining Lifetime Costs of Care
DeVivo, M. J. (2002) · Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation · doi:10.1310/p3v5-2a4b-rr58-91jg · Cited by 18
Imaging Atherosclerosis in Diabetes: Current State
Rahmani, S., Nakanishi, R., & Budoff, M. J. (2016) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-016-0799-2 · Cited by 18
Impact of vision and hearing impairments on risk of cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: A nationwide cohort study
Jung, Y., Han, K., Lee, J. M., Park, H. Y., & Moon, J. I. (2021) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.13689 · Cited by 17
A feasibility pilot trial of a peer-support educational behavioral intervention to improve diabetes medication adherence in African Americans
Shiyanbola, O. O., Maurer, M. A., Mott, M., Schwerer, L., Sarkarati, N., Sharp, L. K., & Ward, E. C. (2022) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-022-01198-7 · Cited by 17
“For example, death rates due to diabetes is much higher among African Americans compared to non-Hispanic Whites, and kidney disease, blindness, and amputations occur four times more among African Americans compared to other racial and ethnic minority groups [2].”
Background
Increased orosomucoid in urine is an independent predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes at 10years of follow-up
Svendstrup, M., Christiansen, M. S., Magid, E., Hommel, E. E., & Feldt‐Rasmussen, B. (2013) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2013.05.008 · Cited by 17
“The high mortality among patients with diabetes is—among other causes—due to a higher cardiovascular mortality (Gall et al., 1995; Gu et al., 1998; Morrish et al., 1990; Seshasai et al., 2011).”
Six‐year follow‐up of a cohort of 203 patients with diabetes after screening for silent myocardial ischaemia
Séjil, S., Janand-Delenne, B., Aviérinos, J.-F., Habib, G., Labastie, N., Raccah, D., Vague, P., & Lassmann-Vague, V. (2006) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01992.x · Cited by 17
Inhibitory effect of atorvastatin on AGE-induced HCAEC apoptosis by upregulating HSF-1 protein
Li, Y., Li, J., Cui, L., Lai, Y., Yao, Y., Zhang, Y., Pang, X., Wang, J., & Liu, X. (2013) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.03.035 · Cited by 17
Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis in Asymptomatic Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Rubinat, E., Marsal, J. R., Vidal, T., Cebrian, C., Falguera, M., Vilanova, M. B., Betriu, À., Fernández, E., Franch‐Nadal, J., & Mauricio, D. (2015) · The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1097/jcn.0000000000000236 · Cited by 17
“Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in type 2 diabetic subjects.(1,2) It has been shown that individuals with diabetes mellitus are at 2- to 4-fold increased risk for cardiovascular disease.”
Background
Kidney Function, Albuminuria and Life Expectancy
Turin, T. C., Ahmed, S. B., Tonelli, M. A., Manns, B., Ravani, P., James, M. T., Quinn, R. R., Jun, M., Gansevoort, R. T., & Hemmelgarn, B. R. (2014) · Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s40697-014-0033-6 · Cited by 17
“Middle-aged diabetic patients from the USA, as well as Japan, had on average 7–8 years shorter life expectancy than their non-diabetic counterpart [23-25].”
Background
Diabetes and Depression Care among Medicaid Beneficiaries
Sambamoorthi, U., Olfson, M., Wei, W., & Crystal, S. (2006) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2006.0034 · Cited by 18
Diabetes, hyperglycaemia and mortality in disabled older women: The Women's Health and Ageing Study I
Blaum, C. S., Volpato, S., Cappola, A. R., Chaves, P. H. M., Xue, Q., Guralnik, J. M., & Fried, L. P. (2005) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01457.x · Cited by 17
Prediction of complicated lower respiratory tract infections in older patients with diabetes
Venmans, L. M. A. J., Bont, J., Gorter, K. J., et al. (2008) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp08x319620 · Cited by 17
Esperanza de vida ajustada por algunas enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles
Alonso, E. D., & Seuc, A. H. (2005) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 17
Increased urinary orosomucoid excretion is not related to impaired renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes
Christiansen, M. S., Hommel, E. E., Friberg, L., et al. (2008) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2008.08.001 · Cited by 17
A 25-year follow-up study of glucose tolerance in first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients: association of impaired or diabetic glucose tolerance with other components of the metabolic syndrome
Nauck, M. A., Meier, J. J., Wolfersdorff, A. V., TILLIL, H., Creutzfeldt, W., & K�bberling, J. (2003) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-003-0106-y · Cited by 17
Supporting Transitions in Care for Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity
Whitehouse, C. R., Sharts‐Hopko, N. C., Smeltzer, S. C., & Horowitz, D. A. (2018) · Research in Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/19404921-20180223-02 · Cited by 16
Knowing prior methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection or colonization status increases the empirical use of glycopeptides in MRSA bacteraemia and may decrease mortality
Robinson, J. O., Phillips, M. R., Christiansen, K., Pearson, J. C., Coombs, G. W., & Murray, R. J. (2013) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12388 · Cited by 16
Effects of Diabetes on Healthy Life Expectancy: Shorter Lives with More Disability for Both Women and Men
Laditka, J. N., & Laditka, S. B. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-4032-6_6 · Cited by 16
“Individuals with diabetes have a shorter total life expectancy (TLE) than those without the disease ( Gu, Cowie, and Harris 1998 ).”
Background
Comparative effects of metformin and pioglitazone on YKL-40 in type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial
Esteghamati, A., Rezvani, S. L., Khajeh, E., et al. (2014) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-014-0154-x · Cited by 16
Adenosine-diphosphate (ADP) receptor antagonists for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Valentine, N. A., de Laar, F. A. V., & van Driel, M. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005449.pub2 · Cited by 17
Role of the apical and basolateral domains of the enterocyte in the regulation of cholesterol transport by a high glucose concentration
Grenier, É., Mailhot, G., Dion, D., Ravid, Z., Spahis, S., Bendayan, M., & Levy, E. H. (2013) · Biochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1139/bcb-2013-0053 · Cited by 16
“cause of death in Type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus (Gu et al. 1998).”
Background
Retracted
Increased visceral adiposity with normal weight is associated with the prevalence of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes
Bouchi, R., Takeuchi, T., Akihisa, M., Ohara, N., Nakano, Y., Nishitani, R., Murakami, M., Fukuda, T., Fujita, M., Minami, I., et al. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.12443 · Cited by 16
Self-care improvement after a pharmaceutical intervention in elderly type 2 diabetic patients
Nascimento, T., Braz, N. M. D. A. R., Gomes, E., Fernández, Á., & la Puerta, R. D. (2015) · Current Diabetes Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573399811666150722130232 · Cited by 18
Glybenclamide: An antidiabetic with in vivo antithrombotic activity
Ting, H. J., & Khasawneh, F. T. (2010) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.09.009 · Cited by 16
“In fact, roughly 75% of people with diabetes die of some form of heart/blood vessel disease (Gu et al., 1998).”
Background
Use of vascular risk‐modifying medications for diabetic patients differs between physician specialties
Shah, B., Hux, J., Laupacis, A., Zinman, B., & Booth, G. (2006) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01955.x · Cited by 14
The Therapeutic Role of Very Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Gene in Hyperlipidemia in Type 2 Diabetic Rats
Yuan, G., Liu, Y., Sun, T., Xu, Y., Zhang, J., Yang, Y., Zhang, M., Cianflone, K., & Wang, D. W. (2010) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2010.038 · Cited by 15
“People with diabetes have higher all-cause mortality rates than those without diabetes, attributable mainly to cardiovascular factors (Gu et al. , 1998).”
Coronary Artery Disease in Young: Faulty Life Style or Heredofamilial or Both
Noeman, A., Ahmad, N., Azhar, M., et al. (2007) · Annals of King Edward Medical University · doi:10.21649/akemu.v13i2.95 · Cited by 16
Education and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes
Wilder, R. P. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.5.1650 · Cited by 16
Evaluation of allowable pancreatic resection rate depending on preoperative risk factors for new-onset diabetes mellitus after distal pancreatectomy
Izumo, W., Higuchi, R., Yazawa, T., Uemura, S., Shiihara, M., & Yamamoto, M. (2020) · Pancreatology · doi:10.1016/j.pan.2020.08.005 · Cited by 15
Role of CaMKII in diabetes induced vascular injury and its interaction with anti-diabetes therapy
Chacar, S., Abdi, A. M., Almansoori, K., Alshamsi, J., Hageh, C. A., Zalloua, P., Khraibi, A. A., Holt, S. G., & Nader, M. (2023) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-023-09855-9 · Cited by 13
“Endothelial impairment contributes to the development of atherosclerosis and vascular disease [23, 24], with coronary and peripheral arterial disease highly prevalent in diabetic patients [25–27].”
Background
Association of cardiac and non-cardiac chronic disease comorbidity on glycaemic control in a multi-ethnic population with type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Mehta, R. L., Davies, M. J., Ali, S. M. K., Taub, N. A., Stone, M. A., Baker, R., McNally, P. G., Lawrence, I. G., & Khunti, K. K. (2011) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2011-130298 · Cited by 14
Falling mortality rates in Type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Wirral Peninsula: a longitudinal and retrospective cohort population-based study
Nwaneri, C., Bowen-Jones, D., Cooper, H., Chikkaveerappa, K., & Afolabi, B. A. (2012) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2012-130877 · Cited by 15
“2 This is particularly marked in men compared with women.(3) The cause of death in the majority of patients with T2DM is cardiovascular disease (CVD) associated with an increased incidence of CVD attributable to diabetes mellitus.”
Background
Clinical applications of advanced lipoprotein testing in diabetes mellitus
Moin, D. S., & Rohatgi, A. K. (2011) · Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.2217/clp.11.37 · Cited by 15
Age at menarche and age at natural menopause as predictors of glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients
Shen, C., Wen, J., Pan, X., Su, J., Du, W., Pan, E., Zhang, Q., Zhang, N., Sheng, H., Liu, C., et al. (2018) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2018.04.012 · Cited by 15
Is silent myocardial infarction more common in women with type 2 diabetes than in men?
Stiles, M. C., Seaquist, E. R., Yale, J. F., Green, J. B., Katz, L. A., Kempainen, S., Light, L. S., Pepper, P. V., Zhang, Z.-M., & Soliman, E. Z. (2012) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.02.002 · Cited by 15
Asymptomatic patients with diabetes mellitus should be screened for coronary artery disease
Wackers, F. J. T. (2006) · Journal of Nuclear Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.nuclcard.2006.06.129 · Cited by 15
Propensity score matching for multilevel spatial data: accounting for geographic confounding in health disparity studies
Davis, M. L., Neelon, B., Nietert, P. J., Burgette, L. F., Hunt, K. J., Lawson, A. B., & Egede, L. E. (2021) · International Journal of Health Geographics · doi:10.1186/s12942-021-00265-1 · Cited by 15
“At the same time, evidence shows that racial minorities have a higher prevalence of diabetes [9], poorer diabetes outcomes [10, 27], and higher mortality rates compared to non-Hispanic whites [11].”
Background
Decomposing Mortality Rates and Examining Health Status of the Elderly in Jamaica
Bourne, P. A., McGrowder, D. A., & Crawford, T. V. (2009) · The Open Geriatric Medicine Journal · doi:10.2174/1874827900902010034 · Cited by 14
Impact of Critical Limb Ischemia on Long-Term Cardiac Mortality in Diabetic Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization
Liïstro, F., Angioli, P., Grotti, S., Brandini, R., Porto, I., Ricci‐Vitiani, L., Tacconi, D., Ducci, K., Falsini, G., Bellandi, G., et al. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-1603 · Cited by 13
[Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for treatment of patients with DM type 2 and BMI of 30 to 35 Kg/m²].
Aulestia, S. N., Leyba, J. L., Ll, S. N., Caballero, M. G., Sánchez, N. F., Pulgar, V., & Vivas, A. (2012) · PubMed · doi:10.3305/nh.2012.27.4.5855 · Cited by 14
“Duración promedio de la enfermedad (años) 5,5 (1-9)”
Background
Risks for Cardiovascular and Cardiac Deaths in Nonobese Patients With Diabetes and Coronary Heart Disease
Tsujimoto, T., Kajio, H., & Sugiyama, T. (2016) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.08.018 · Cited by 14
The Epidemic of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Its Links to Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Lipotoxicity
Cusi, K. J. (2009) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-260-1_1 · Cited by 15
Predictors of mortality in hospitalized diabetic patients: A 7-year prospective study
Wu, M.-C., Lee, W., Tschen, S.-M., Lin, S.-Y., Lee, I., Jeng, C.-Y., Tseng, L., Liu, Y., Chen, B.-Y., & Sheu, W. H. (2008) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2007.11.020 · Cited by 14
“report [11] and 49.”
Influential
The mortality of patients with diabetes mellitus in Latvia 2000–2012
Pildava, S., Strēle, I., & Briģis, Ģ. (2014) · Medicina · doi:10.1016/j.medici.2014.06.005 · Cited by 14
Sub-optimal drug treatment of diabetes and cardiovascular risk in diabetic patients in Turkey. A countrywide survey.
Damci, T., Kültürsay, H., Oguz, A., Pehlivanoğlu, S., & Tokgozoglu, L. (2004) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s1262-3636(07)70124-6 · Cited by 15
“Furthermore cardiovascular event mortality is higher in diabetic patients than in those without diabetes [5].”
Atrophie multisystématisée : survie et facteurs pronostiques dans la cohorte « MSA-Aquitaine »
Krim, E., Yekhlef, F., Chrysostome, V., et al. (2007) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/s0035-3787(07)90355-0 · Cited by 14
Glucose intolerance and all-cause mortality in Japanese migrants
Gimeno, S. G. A., Osiro, K., Matsumura, L., et al. (2004) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2004.09.006 · Cited by 14
Effects of vitamin E administration on serum lipid profile in diabetic patients: a grade-assessed systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of RCTs
Karimi, M., Karimi, M. A., Fayedeh, F., Kafi, F. Z., Kazemi, K., Jahangiri, S., & Asbaghi, O. (2025) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-025-01833-2 · Cited by 16
“Chronic hyperglycemia in DM is closely linked to vascular complications, with cardiovascular disease (CVD) being the leading cause of mortality among diabetic patients [7–9].”
Antimicrobial resistance and risk factors for mortality of pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae among diabetics: a retrospective study conducted in Shanghai, China
Liu, B., Yi, H., Fang, J., et al. (2019) · Infection and Drug Resistance · doi:10.2147/idr.s199642 · Cited by 13
“The effect of gender on mortality for patients with infectious diseases in diabetics and nondiabetics was controversial.(13,18,31) In our study, males showed to be an independent risk factor for IHM in diabetics alone.”
Background
A mathematical model for determining age-specific diabetes incidence and prevalence using body mass index
Appuhamy, R., Kebreab, E., & France, J. (2013) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.03.011 · Cited by 13

Authors: Gu, K., Cowie, C. C., & Harris, M. I.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
ORCID: Gu, Ken
Cowie, Catherine C
Venue: Diabetes Care
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
Published: 1998-07-01
Volume: 21
Issue: 7
Pages: 1138-1145
ISSN: 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
1935-5548
DOI: 10.2337/diacare.21.7.1138
OpenAlex: W2050695519
Cited by: 881
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 48
FWCI: 10.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
Keywords: diabetes mortality, causes of death, life expectancy, survival, sex differences, racial differences, non-Hispanic blacks, insulin-treated diabetes, diabetes duration, heart disease, death certificates, adults with diabetes, age differences in mortality risk, cancer
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Cause of Death, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Humans, Life Expectancy, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Population, United States, Cohort Studies, Survival Rate, Survival Analysis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Mortality in Adults With and Without Diabetes in a National Cohort of the U.S. Population, 1971–1993

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks