CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 889Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsDiabetes Management and ResearchDiabetes Management and Education

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Mortality in Adults With and Without Diabetes in a National Cohort of the U.S. Population, 1971–1993

Gu, Ken, Cowie, Catherine C, Harris, Maureen I·1998·Diabetes Care
DOI 10.2337/diacare.21.7.1138
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To examine 22-year mortality (1971-1993), causes of death, life expectancy, and survival in a national sample of diabetic and nondiabetic adults according to age, sex, and race. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A representative national cohort of 14,374 adults aged 25-74 years was identified in 1971-1975 in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I). Diabetes was ascertained by medical history interview. The cohort was followed for mortality through 1992-1993, with verification of vital status for 96.2% (n = 13,830). Causes of death were determined from death certificates. RESULTS: Diabetic subjects comprised 5.1% of the cohort and accounted for 10.6% of the deaths. Mortality for diabetic subjects increased from 12.4 per 1,000 person-years for those aged 25-44 years at baseline to 89.7 per 1,000 person-years for those aged 65-74 years. The age-adjusted mortality rate was 57% higher for diabetic men than for diabetic women; the rate was 27% higher for diabetic non-Hispanic blacks than for diabetic non-Hispanic whites. Mortality rates were highest for insulin-treated subjects and for those with > or = 15 years' duration of diabetes. Diabetes was listed on the death certificate as the underlying cause of death for only 7.7% of diabetic men and 13.4% of diabetic women. Considering multiple causes of death, heart disease was listed the most frequently and was present on 69.5% of death certificates of people with diabetes. Death rates were higher for diabetic than for nondiabetic subjects in all age, sex, and race groups. The relative risk of death (diabetic versus nondiabetic subjects) declined with age from a value of 3.6 for those aged 25-44 years at baseline to 1.5 for those aged 65-74 years. The relative risk was elevated in diabetic subjects for all major causes of death except malignant neoplasms. Survival of diabetic subjects was lower than that of nondiabetic subjects in all age, sex, and race groups. Median life expectancy was 8 years lower for diabetic adults aged 55-64 years and 4 years lower for those aged 65-74 years. CONCLUSIONS: In this representative national sample of adults, mortality rates were higher for diabetic men than for diabetic women and for diabetic blacks than for diabetic whites. The study confirms the substantially higher risk of death, lower survival, and lower life expectancy of diabetic adults compared with nondiabetic adults.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2337/diacare.21.7.1138

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 701–800 of 889

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Gu, K., Cowie, C. C., & Harris, M. I.
Affiliations
National Institutes of Health (US)
ORCID
Venue
Diabetes Care
Publisher
American Diabetes Association
Published
1998-07-01
Volume
21
Issue
7
Pages
1138-1145
ISSN
  • 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
  • 1935-5548
DOI
10.2337/diacare.21.7.1138
OpenAlex
W2050695519
Cited by
881
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 48
FWCI
10.98
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
Keywords
diabetes mortality, causes of death, life expectancy, survival, sex differences, racial differences, non-Hispanic blacks, insulin-treated diabetes, diabetes duration, heart disease, death certificates, adults with diabetes, age differences in mortality risk, cancer
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Cause of Death, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Humans, Life Expectancy, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Population, United States, Cohort Studies, Survival Rate, Survival Analysis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review