Smoking and Incidence of Diabetes Among U.S. Adults
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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the association between smoking and incident diabetes among U.S. adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) was a prospective study of the associations of insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk factors. We examined the relationship between smoking status categories (never, former, and current) and incident 5-year type 2 diabetes among 906 participants free of diabetes at baseline. We also considered the effect of pack-year categories (never, former <20 pack-years, former > or = 20 pack-years, current <20 pack-years, and current > or = 20 pack-years) upon diabetes incidence. RESULTS: Of current smokers, 96 (25%) developed diabetes at 5 years, compared with 60 (14%) never smokers. After multivariable adjustment, current smokers exhibited increased incidence of diabetes compared with never smokers (odds ratio [OR] 2.66, P = 0.001). Similar results were found among current smokers with > or = 20 pack-years with normal glucose tolerance (5.66, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking shares a robust association with incident diabetes, supporting the current Surgeon General's warnings against cigarette smoking.
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Smoking is an independent risk factor for the development of diabetes.
“Studies suggest that smoking is also an independent risk factor for the development of diabetes (42,43).”
From Diabetes and Cancer (2010) · cites this paper as [42]
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- Authors
- Foy, C. G., Bell, R. A., Farmer, D. F., Goff, D. C., & Wagenknecht, L. E.
- Affiliations
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2005-10-01
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2501-2507
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W2162899596
- Cited by
- 208
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 8.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (5u01hl047890-09, 5u01hl047887-09, 5u01hl047889-09)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U01HL047902, HL-47889, HL‐47890, HL-47902, HL47887, U01HL047892, HL 47892)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR01346, M01RR001346, M01-RR431)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- smoking, type 2 diabetes, diabetes incidence, pack-years, current smokers, former smokers, insulin resistance, Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study, cardiovascular risk factors, glucose tolerance
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Smoking, United States, Incidence, Prevalence, Glucose Intolerance
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