La ideología política, las creencias sociales y la polarización como obstáculos psicosociales para la democracia y la paz en Colombia, 2016-2020

May combine two claims.

Although considered normal and an integral part of the political system of the rule of law, polarization has become a contemporary challenge to democracy due to the escalation of political radicalization.

“Although considered normal and an integral part of the political system of the rule of law, polarization has become a contemporary challenge to democracy due to the escalation of political radicalization (Kessler & Vommaro, 2023; Waisbord, 2020).”

• cites Kessler & Vommaro, 2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Waisbord, 2020 sourcePartly supported

  In “La polarización como problema” (page unavailable), Waisbord says political divisions are essential and inevitable, but distinguishes them from polarization, which he describes as a persistent threat to democracy. “Las causas de la polarización” (page unavailable) links intensified polarization to exclusion of opponents and democratic collapse. The source supports the democratic-risk claim, but not the characterization of polarization itself as a normal, integral part of the political system or the suggestion that it became a threat only through recent radicalization. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

As scenarios of emotional disputes and opposition are created, a binary and radical logic that denies the other is established, increasing the dynamics of political sectarianism that threatens tolerance and destroys the diversity of perspectives.

“These authors posit that as scenarios of emotional disputes and opposition are created, a binary and radical logic that denies the other is established, increasing the dynamics of political sectarianism that threatens tolerance and destroys the diversity of perspectives.”

• cites Kessler & Vommaro, 2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Waisbord, 2020 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

This situation further fragments society and can be a catalyst or justification for symbolic or physical violence.

“This situation further fragments society and, in some cases, can be a catalyst or justification for forms of symbolic or physical violence”

• cites Aguirre et al., 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Falla Mera, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hernández Díaz & Echeverri Martínez, 2018 sourcePartly supported

  The “Desconfianza y Falta de legitimidad” section reports fragmentation of opinions and evident polarization. The “Violencia” section says that, in this polarized context, expressing a voting intention or political ideology can lead to violent acts. Neither passage establishes that the unspecified situation further fragments society or justifies violence, and the paper does not distinguish symbolic from physical violence. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

These emotions may cause distancing between individuals, influencing thought and action unreflectively, which may give rise to soft fanaticism during electoral periods and in daily life.

“These emotions may cause distancing between individuals, influencing thought and action in an unreflective manner that may give rise to soft fanaticism, both during electoral periods and in daily life.”

• cites Aguirre et al., 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Falla Mera, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hernández Díaz & Echeverri Martínez, 2018 sourcePartly supported

  The Abstencionismo section says emotions can polarize people’s views, and Definiendo la democracia says emotion can displace rational judgment in electoral choices. The copy does not describe this as “soft fanaticism” or extend it to daily life outside politics. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Intensification of certain political emotions (indignation, hatred, rage, resentment, anger, fear) is associated with polarization processes.

“Other researchers concur with this perspective, stating that the intensification of certain political emotions (indignation, hatred, rage, resentment, anger, fear, among others) is associated with polarization processes.”

• cites Aguirre et al., 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Falla Mera, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hernández Díaz & Echeverri Martínez, 2018 sourcePartly supported

  The Abstencionismo section says that emotionality can polarize people's political preferences, supporting the general link between emotion and polarization. It does not say that intensifying emotions drives polarization or identify the claimed emotions as a group; the Violencia section mentions fear but does not make that specific connection. The indexed passages provide no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants A recognize two distinct visions or ideologies that can legitimately and democratically confront each other in the political arena as part of a process of agonistic debate that constitutes the political game in a modern democracy.

“Participants A recognize two distinct visions or ideologies that can legitimately and democratically confront each other in the political arena as part of a process of agonistic debate that constitutes the political game in a modern democracy (Mouffe, 2011(Mouffe, , 2014)).”

• cites Mouffe, 2011(Mouffe, , 2014)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For participants A, the left is inclusive of women, the LGTBQ+ community, and minorities in general.

“It is inclusive of women, the LGTBQ+ community, and minorities in general.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants D argue that the left mobilizes class struggle against the rich and that this promotes hatred toward the ruling classes and those who hold power and wealth.

“In addition, they argue that the left mobilizes the class struggle against the rich, claiming that it promotes hatred towards the ruling classes and those who hold power and wealth.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants D consider leftists an obstacle to governance and development because, when they assume power, they often behave irresponsibly and lack the requisite skills to govern effectively.

“Moreover, they consider leftists an obstacle to governance and development because, when they assume power, they often behave irresponsibly and lack the requisite skills to govern effectively:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants A believe the state must guarantee equity and social justice.

“For these participants, it is the state that must guarantee equity and social justice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants D attribute to leftists the intention of destabilizing democracy.

“They are also attributed with the intention of destabilizing democracy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For participants A, the right legitimizes the status quo.

“In contrast, the right is conservative, legitimizes the status quo, and is more concerned with security, established order, and stability:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants A, D, and Amb question the legitimacy of regimes that restrict freedom in the name of equality, as in Cuba, Nicaragua, and Venezuela.

“and question, as do participants D and Amb, the legitimacy of regimes that restrict freedom in the name of equality, as in the case of Cuba, Nicaragua, and Venezuela.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants A think right-wing people lack an understanding of reality and live in a bubble.

“They are thought to lack an understanding of reality and live in a bubble:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants D's position is based on the premise that only hard work can bring wealth.

“Their position is based on the premise that only hard work can bring wealth:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For participants A, the right is more concerned with security, established order, and stability.

“In contrast, the right is conservative, legitimizes the status quo, and is more concerned with security, established order, and stability:”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Participants A profile people who voted for Centro Democrático as corrupt, attached to money, paramilitaries, and supporters of dictatorial systems, which makes them indifferent to the pain of victims and leads them to justify human rights violations.

“They profile the people who voted the Centro Democrático party as corrupt, attached to money, paramilitaries, and supporters of dictatorial systems, which makes them indifferent to the pain of the victims and leads them to justify human rights violations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted). May combine two claims.

Participants A posit that the right governs solely for its own benefit, promoting savage capitalism regardless of the misery it causes and prioritizing the agendas of the elite and the United States.

“They posit that the right governs solely for its own benefit, promoting savage capitalism regardless of the misery it causes and prioritizing the agendas of the elite and the United States.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For participants A, the left is progressive and more open to the population's demands and diversity.

“For these participants, the left is progressive and more open to the population's demands and diversity.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Participants A qualify right-wing people as racists, classists, and misogynists.

“They also qualify right-wing people as racists, classists, and misogynists.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants A do not want a welfare state that gives people things as handouts.

“Nevertheless, they do not want a welfare state that gives people things as handouts”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For participants D, governments should be in the hands of those who defend good values and preserve order.

“For these participants, governments should be in the hands of those who defend good values and preserve order:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants D do not understand why the left attributes perverse intentions to them.

“and that they do not understand why the left attributes perverse intentions to them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants D have supported right-wing governments, as is the case of former President Álvaro Uribe Vélez.

“This is why they have supported right-wing governments, as is the case of former President Álvaro Uribe Vélez:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants A say right-wing people think everything they are doing and everything they promise is wonderful.

“They think everything they are doing and everything they promise is wonderful”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants D maintain that their intentions are also for the progress and development of the country.

“They maintain that their intentions are also for the progress and development of the country”

May combine two claims.

Participants D categorize progressive center-left and democratic left ideas as communist and ascribe to them the generation of chaos, destruction, loss of individual freedoms, economic crisis, and disaster.

“Furthermore, they categorize progressive center-left and democratic left ideas as communist and ascribe to them the generation of chaos, destruction, loss of individual freedoms, economic crisis, and disaster.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants D believe that right-wing parties and right-wing individuals should govern and direct the destinies of the nation.

“Therefore, it is the right-wing parties and right-wing individuals who should govern and direct the destinies of the nation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants A do not expect equity and social justice from owners of capital or businesspeople who work for their own interests.

“Therefore, this should not be expected from the owners of capital or from businesspeople who work for their own interests.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Participants A consider right-wing individuals to be interested only in money, conservative, attached to religion, close-minded, intransigent, unwilling to engage in dialogue, authoritarian, and lacking empathy.

“They consider them to be people interested only in money, conservative, attached to religion, close-minded, intransigent, unwilling to engage in dialogue, authoritarian, and lacking empathy.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Some participants A recognize that polarization represents an obstacle to public debate as a process of democracy-building and blocks channels of dialogue, leading to an aporia where each party closes itself and interprets the other in a paranoid manner.

“Some participants A recognize that polarization represents an obstacle to public debate as a process of democracy-building and blocks channels of dialogue, thus leading to an aporia where each party closes itself and interprets the other in a paranoid manner (Martín-Baró, 1989):”

• cites Martín-Baró, 1989Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For participants A, the right is conservative.

“In contrast, the right is conservative, legitimizes the status quo, and is more concerned with security, established order, and stability:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

Participants D claim that leftist governments anywhere in the world have been disastrous.

“They claim that leftist governments anywhere in the world have been disastrous.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Participants A perceive right-wing individuals as clinging to their beliefs, engaging in discriminatory practices, and exhibiting intolerance and violence, in addition to being conservative.

“In addition to being conservative, right-wing individuals are perceived by these participants as clinging to their beliefs, engaging in discriminatory practices, and exhibiting intolerance and violence:”

May combine two claims.

They categorize opponents in a negative way, pointing them out as the cause of problems, identifying them with evil and diabolical figures, and justifying their exclusion and elimination.

“They categorize opponents in a negative way, pointing them out as the cause of problems, identifying them with evil and diabolical figures, and justifying their exclusion and elimination.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants D perceive leftists as idealistic because they seek a change in power but lack a realistic understanding of the context and criticize established structures but do not offer constructive solutions.

“Participants D perceive leftists as idealistic because they seek a change in power but lack a realistic understanding of the context and criticize established structures but do not offer constructive solutions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

For participants D, leftists seek to establish a communist dictatorship that would put an end to private enterprise and prosperity.

“For these participants, leftists seek to establish a communist dictatorship that would put an end to private enterprise and prosperity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

Participants A say right-wing people agree that things should stay the same.

“They agree that things should stay the same.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted). May combine two claims.

Participants D assert that desiring economic progress and a market economy, promoting individual liberties, defending the traditional family structure, valuing capital generation, opposing a peace agreement that, in their opinion, did not favor the Colombian state, and demanding security and an iron fist against criminals, does not make them perpetrators of inequality, poverty, and violence.

“For their part, participants D assert that desiring economic progress and a market economy, promoting individual liberties, defending the traditional family structure, valuing capital generation, opposing a peace agreement that, in their opinion, did not favor the Colombian state, and demanding for security and an iron fist against criminals, does not make them perpetrators of inequality, poverty,”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

Participants A say that right-wing people's only interests are business, profits, and their own security.

“They say that their only interests are business, profits, and their own security.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants A argue that right-wing followers are conformists with unjust and corrupt governments, as well as selfish, self-serving, indolent, and opportunistic.

“They argue that its followers are conformists with unjust and corrupt governments, as well as selfish, self-serving, indolent, and opportunistic.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants A desire a state that regulates markets and redistributes wealth to ensure the most vulnerable can satisfy their basic needs.

“rather, they desire a state that, in accordance with the constitution and the social model of law, regulates markets and redistributes wealth in such a way as to ensure that the most vulnerable are able to satisfy their basic needs”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The interviews indicate a high ideological content.

“Additionally, the interviews indicate a high ideological content.”

May combine two claims.

Regardless of whether the participants identify as leftist or rightist, they express a superiority of the in-group and assume that their values are superior to those of the other group.

“Regardless of whether the participants identify as leftist or rightist, they express a superiority of the in-group and assume that their values are superior to those of the other group (Blanco, 2007).”

• cites Blanco, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

From the analysis of the interviews, several aspects derived from social beliefs radicalize political polarization and obstruct, from psychosocial repertoires, the processes aimed at building peace and democracy.

“From the analysis of the interviews, it is possible to identify several aspects derived from social beliefs that radicalize political polarization and obstruct, from psychosocial repertoires, the processes aimed at building peace and democracy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The right is mainly associated with the legitimization of the status quo, the defense of order and security, and the search for stability and accumulation of capital (wealth for private benefit).

“The right is mainly associated with the legitimization of the status quo, the defense of order and security, and the search for stability and accumulation of capital (wealth for private benefit) (cf.Haidt, 2019).”

• cites Haidt, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

There is a notion of the intimidating out-group, which not only threatens the in-group but also the country and democracy.

“Furthermore, there is a notion of the intimidating out-group, which not only threatens the in-group but also the country and democracy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants D ascribe to leftist individuals hidden interests that would affect the nation.

“Therefore, they ascribe to them hidden interests that would affect the nation.”

May combine two claims.

Daily interactions between individuals with different political views are assumed as opposed and narratively understood as antagonistic.

“This dynamic is evidenced in daily interactions between individuals with different political views that are assumed as opposed and narratively understood as antagonistic.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In negative terms, the left is related to idealistic individuals who do not offer solutions, lack the capacity to govern efficiently, and support communist ideologies or governments.

“In contrast, in negative terms, it is related to idealistic individuals who do not offer solutions, lack the capacity to govern efficiently, and support communist ideologies or governments.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

According to some participants A, the qualification of leftist political positions has historically led to stigmatization in Colombia and has impeded access to places of power and social, political, and economic transformation proper of a social rule of law, as proposed by the 1991 constitution.

“This qualification of leftist political positions, according to some participants A, has historically led to stigmatization in Colombia and has impeded access to places of power and social, political, and economic transformation proper of a social rule of law, as proposed by the 1991 constitution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

According to the interviewees, the left is associated in positive terms with the search for equity and social justice, an open and progressive approach to issues such as wealth redistribution by the state, concern for the most vulnerable, and the inclusion of minorities.

“According to the interviewees, the left, which proclaimed itself in favor of the peace agreement, is associated in positive terms with the search for equity and social justice, an open and progressive approach to issues such as wealth redistribution by the state, concern for the most vulnerable, and the inclusion of minorities (cf.Haidt, 2019).”

• cites Haidt, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Such desire is driven by indignation, rage, fear, and hatred and articulated from positions of power.

“Such desire is driven by indignation, rage, fear, and hatred and articulated from positions of power.”

May combine two claims.

In the narrative of the participants, scenarios of polarization resulting from the escalation of the conflict (first type), its permeation into the social fabric (second type), and its various impacts on the civilian population (third type) can be identified.

“In the narrative of the participants, scenarios of polarization resulting from the escalation of the conflict (first type of polarization) can be identified, as well as its permeation into the social fabric (second type of polarization) and its various impacts on the civilian population (third type of polarization).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This perception is exemplified by the belief that if the left were to govern, the country would become a replica of Cuba or Venezuela.

“This perception is exemplified by the belief that if the left were to govern, the country would become a replica of Cuba or Venezuela.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In negative terms, the right is related to a conservative model, exacerbated by aspects such as discrimination, authoritarianism, the gap between rich and poor, and the defense of capitalism in its most savage form.

“In negative terms, the right is related to a conservative model, exacerbated by aspects such as discrimination, authoritarianism, the gap between rich and poor, and the defense of capitalism in its most savage form.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Leftists are viewed by participants D as antisocial individuals who cannot be tolerated, as they transmit hatred and go against society.

“Leftists would then be antisocial individuals who cannot be tolerated, as they transmit hatred and go against society:”

May combine two claims.

These processes typically commence with rejection, disregard of ideas, and the annulment of positions, which can ultimately lead to expulsion and, in some cases, annihilation.

“These processes typically commence with rejection, disregard of ideas, and the annulment of positions, which can ultimately lead to expulsion and, in some cases, annihilation.”

May combine two claims.

All alternatives other than one's own are stigmatized, reflecting a set of shared beliefs that are not necessarily objective but are nonetheless internally justified.

“All alternatives other than one's own are stigmatized, reflecting a set of shared beliefs that are not necessarily objective but are nonetheless internally justified (García Villegas, 2020; Villorio, 2007).”

• cites García Villegas, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Villorio, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The out-group is devalued and blamed, as it is assumed responsible for leading the country to failure.

“The out-group is devalued and blamed (Blanco, 2005), as it is assumed responsible for leading the country to failure.”

• cites Blanco, 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In these interactions, individuals go from discussing to ignoring the subject or to attacking, mocking, discrediting, removing, and cancelling each other.

“They go from discussing to ignoring the subject or to attacking, mocking, discrediting, removing, and cancelling each other (Velásquez et al., 2020, 2021; Avendaño & Villa, 2021).”

• cites Velásquez et al., 2020, 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Avendaño & Villa, 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The rhetoric of the conflict in Colombia privileges dichotomization as a discursive strategy and polarization as a social strategy.

“Notably, the rhetoric of the conflict in Colombia privileges dichotomization as a discursive strategy and polarization as a social strategy.”

May combine two claims.

The results revealed deep-seated beliefs about polarization and radical convictions around topics such as security, justice, equity, and liberty, as well as delegitimization and disqualification of political adversaries.

“The results revealed deep-seated beliefs about polarization and radical convictions around topics such as security, justice, equity, and liberty, as well as delegitimization and disqualification of political adversaries.”

May combine two claims.

There is a clear emotional polarization aligned with an ingrained social exclusion.

“As a result, there is a clear emotional polarization aligned with an ingrained social exclusion.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Ideology can reveal itself in everyday life, social relations, the political arena, and even science, although it is always related to its practices.

“It can reveal itself in everyday life, social relations, the political arena, and even science, although it is always related to its practices (Foucault, 2008;2010).”

• cites Foucault, 2008;2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The enunciation of these beliefs makes it possible to accomplish a given goal, either by favoring an achievement or by maintaining the power of that group.

“The enunciation of these beliefs makes it possible to accomplish a given goal, either by favoring an achievement or by maintaining the power of that group.”

• cites Villorio, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Polarization includes affective aspects related to ideology that foster differences between groups, favoring severe divisions between 'us' and 'them'.

“Some studies have found that polarization includes affective aspects related to ideology that foster the difference between groups, favoring severe divisions between us and them.”

• cites Aguirre et al., 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Alonso, 2018Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Iyengar & Westwood, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The set of beliefs shared by a social group serves to fulfill a social function associated with political power.

“Rather, it serves to fulfill a social function associated with political power.”

• cites Villorio, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Ideology, as an ordered system of ideas and conceptions shared by a group, determines social relations, organizes the world, and explains and justifies ends and objectives for action.

“Ideology, as an ordered system of ideas and conceptions shared by a group, determines social relations, organizes the world, and explains and justifies ends and objectives for action (Bar-Tal, 1996, 2013;Villoro, 2007).”

• cites Bar-Tal, 1996, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Villoro, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These beliefs are shaped by the social situation and the position in the relations of production in a particular context.

“These beliefs are shaped by the social situation and the position in the relations of production in a particular context.”

• cites Villorio, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Ideology is contingent upon a specific context, related to particular discourses and subjects, and circumscribed by micro or macro structures.

“Consequently, ideology is contingent upon a specific context, related to particular discourses and subjects, and circumscribed by micro or macro structures (Foucault, 2019).”

• cites Foucault, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The slowing of the peace agreement's implementation by Duque's government spread profound societal discord and obstructed the communities' and general population's understanding of the implications of the peacebuilding process for the country.

“This also obstructed the communities' and general population's understanding of the implications of this peacebuilding process for the country (Rettberg & Quiroga Ángel, 2018).”

• cites Rettberg & Quiroga Ángel, 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Social beliefs constitute a fundamental aspect of the cognitive representations that, together with the self-categorization of the self, define the social identity of the members of a group.

“These social beliefs constitute a fundamental aspect of the cognitive representations that, together with the self-categorization of the self, define the social identity of the members of a group.”

• cites Bar-Tal, 1996, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Tajfel, 1984Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

There was a division in Colombian society regarding the negotiated end of the conflict, which broadened during the 2018 presidential campaign.

“There was a division in society regarding the negotiated end of the conflict, which broadened during the 2018 presidential campaign.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some social beliefs are assumed to be true and originate in social stereotypes and prejudices constructed by the group.

“Some of these beliefs are assumed to be true and originate in social stereotypes and prejudices constructed by the group (Bar-Tal, 1996, 2013; Tajfel, 1984).”

• cites Bar-Tal, 1996, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Tajfel, 1984Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The set of beliefs shared by a social group is part of the ideology and is neither justified nor completely objective.

“The set of beliefs shared by a social group is part of the ideology and is neither justified nor completely objective.”

• cites Villorio, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The notion of truth is only applicable within the context of specific discourses that are not necessarily true or false.

“The notion of truth is only applicable within the context of specific discourses that are not necessarily true or false.”

• cites Foucault, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Social beliefs involve norms, values, goals, and group ideologies that motivate the process of differentiation and in-group favoritism.

“Moreover, they involve norms, values, goals, and group ideologies that motivate the process of differentiation and in-group favoritism.”

• cites Bar-Tal, 1996, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Tajfel, 1984Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The opposing out-group is categorized as a threat against which vulnerability is experienced and its members are blamed for past or present grievances, thereby devaluing, disqualifying, and dehumanizing them.

“This opposing group is categorized as a threat against which vulnerability is experienced and its members are blamed for past or present grievances, thereby devaluing, disqualifying, and dehumanizing them.”

• cites Blanco (2005)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Affective polarization results in moral disqualification of the opponent, oversimplification of their position, exacerbation of disputes in everyday interactions, and personalization of political events.

“This results in moral disqualification of the opponent, oversimplification of their position, exacerbation of disputes in everyday interactions, and personalization of political events.”

• cites Aguirre et al., 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Alonso, 2018Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Iyengar & Westwood, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Ideology is complemented by the circulation of knowledge around power and from a concrete exercise of domination.

“Ideology is complemented by the circulation of knowledge around power and from a concrete exercise of domination.”

• cites Foucault, 2008;2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These beliefs reflect the ties of union of the subjects with the groups to which they belong.

“They also reflect the ties of union of the subjects with the groups to which they belong.”

• cites Villorio, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Ideology has a social function, implies collective acceptance, and plays a role in processes of domination.

“For this reason, ideology has a social function, implies collective acceptance, and plays a role in processes of domination (Villorio, 2007).”

• cites Villorio, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Social beliefs serve to generate a sense of belonging and to guide actions.

“They also serve to generate a sense of belonging and to guide actions.”

• cites Bar-Tal, 1996, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Tajfel, 1984Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Disqualifying the adversary is one of the main strategies employed in certain political discourses, which focus on stigmatizing the other as a source of evil.

“Charaudeau (2005) proposes disqualifying the adversary as one of the main strategies employed in certain political discourses, which focus on stigmatizing the other as a source of evil.”

• cites Charaudeau, 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Left and right share democratic principles of freedom and equality, which allows parties to treat each other's claims with respect.

“This is because left and right share democratic principles of freedom and equality-a matter that allows parties to treat each other's claims with respect (Mouffe, 2011, 2014; Mouffe & Laclau, 2004).”

• cites Mouffe, 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Mouffe, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Mouffe & Laclau, 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The adversary is used and referred to solely to transform them into a negative version and the nemesis of one's own discourse.

“The adversary is used and referred to solely to transform them into a negative version and the nemesis of one's own discourse.”

• cites Amossy, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The strategy of disqualifying the adversary or constructing the enemy is one of the main causes of the current global crisis of democracy.

“Authors such as Amossy (2014), Charaudeau (2005), and Mouffe (2011, 2014) have described this strategy of disqualifying the adversary or constructing the enemy as one of the main causes of the current global crisis of democracy.”

• cites Amossy, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Charaudeau, 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Mouffe, 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This discursive maneuver leads to conferring enemies an animal identity to differentiate them from humans and justify their criminalization, hunting, capture, torture, or murder without remorse.

“Angarita et al. (2015) consider this a discursive maneuver that leads to conferring enemies an animal identity to differentiate them from humans and justify their criminalization, hunting, capture, torture, or murder without any remorse.”

• cites Angarita et al., 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The process of political enemy construction constitutes an agonistic rather than an antagonistic process.

“As a result, this process constitutes an agonistic rather than an antagonistic process (Mouffe, 2011, 2014).”

• cites Mouffe, 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Mouffe, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

This problem may be a contributing factor to the Colombian conflict and may constitute the psychosocial repertoire that makes it challenging to achieve peace and consolidate democracy.

“Angarita et al. (2015), Blair (1995), Villa (2019), and Villa et al. (2022) have proposed that this problem may be a contributing factor to the Colombian conflict and may constitute the psychosocial repertoire that makes it challenging to achieve peace and consolidate democracy.”

• cites Angarita et al., 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Blair, 1995Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Villa, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Controversy gives rise to a two-pole discursive scenario, reduced to two semantic categories in binary opposition.

“The author posits that controversy gives rise to a two-pole discursive scenario, which is reduced to two semantic categories distributed in a binary opposition.”

• cites Amossy, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Conflicting discourses exist if and only if there is an opponent that delimits and frames them.

“This demonstrates that conflicting discourses exist if and only if there is an opponent that delimits and frames them.”

• cites Amossy, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This implies that agonistic debate within ideological opposition moves to another plane, where the contender is transformed into an antagonist whose position and existence is excluded.

“This implies that the agonistic debate within the framework of an ideological opposition moves to another plane, where the contender is transformed into an antagonist whose position and existence is excluded.”

• cites Amossy, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Charaudeau, 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Mouffe, 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This is achieved by pointing out the negative consequences of their ideas for the people or for their image itself.

“This is achieved by pointing out the negative consequences of their ideas for the people or for their image itself.”

• cites Charaudeau, 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

This is a zero-sum logic where only one's own point of view must be imposed, while the adversary's must be disqualified, delegitimized, and erased.

“This is a zero-sum logic where only one's own point of view must be imposed, while that of the adversary must be disqualified, delegitimized, and erased.”

• cites Amossy, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Charaudeau, 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Mouffe, 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The absolute enemy is considered detached from humanity, which justifies their annihilation.

“On the other hand, the absolute enemy is considered to be detached from humanity, which justifies their annihilation.”

• cites Angarita et al., 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In intentional polarization, political adversaries are constructed as enemies that must be eliminated, either symbolically (through disqualification and denial of humanity) or in reality, as in Colombian bipartisan political violence during the 19th and 20th centuries and in the contemporary armed conflict.

“In this last form, political adversaries are constructed as enemies that must be eliminated, either symbolically, through the disqualification and denial of their humanity, or in a real manner, as in the long Colombian history of bipartisan political violence during the 19th and 20th centuries, or in the framework of the contemporary armed conflict.”

• cites Angarita et al., 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Political polarization is linked with polemical discourse, characterized by three modes of violent conflict management: dichotomization, polarization, and disqualification of the other.

“Amossy (2014) links political polarization with polemical discourse, characterized by three modes of violent conflict management: dichotomization, polarization, and disqualification of the other.”

• cites Amossy, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Polarization entails that one's own thinking is subsumed by the ideological framework of the group with which one identifies, leading to rejection of opposing positions and the people who hold them.

“Polarization, therefore, entails that one's own thinking is subsumed by the ideological framework of the group with which one identifies, leading to the rejection of the opposing positions and the people who hold them.”

• cites Martín Beristain, 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Three phenomena can reinforce polarization: aggravation of armed conflict, emergence of violence that breaks social fabric, and attempt to position society in opposite extremes as a strategy to prevail in conflict.

“According to this same author, three phenomena can reinforce polarization: the aggravation of the armed conflict, the emergence of a form of violence that penetrates and breaks the social fabric, and the attempt to position society in opposite extremes as a strategy to prevail in a conflict.”

• cites Martín Beristain, 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In regrouping by identification, adversaries are disqualified to strengthen group identity; the opponent is invalidated or presented pejoratively; and denigration maneuvers are used to discredit them and pigeonhole them as biased and ill-intentioned.

“In this regrouping by identification, adversaries are disqualified to strengthen the identity of the group; the opponent is invalidated or presented pejoratively; and denigration maneuvers are used to discredit them and pigeonhole them as biased and ill-intentioned.”

• cites Amossy, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Enemy camps are established more as a relational phenomenon than as an abstract division of antagonistic theses.

“This is how enemy camps are established, more as a relational phenomenon than as an abstract division of antagonistic theses.”

• cites Amossy, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This process eliminates any form of compassion or consideration and strips them of all rights.

“This process, they argue, eliminates any form of compassion or consideration and strips them of all rights.”

• cites Angarita et al., 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the political enemy process, the friend-enemy relationship does not exist, and the notion of adversary is introduced.

“The friend-enemy relationship does not exist, and the notion of adversary is introduced.”

• cites Mouffe, 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Mouffe, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In each debate, each party incorporates the opposing discourse into their own, inverting its sense and meaning.

“Thus, in each debate, each party incorporates the opposing discourse into their own, inverting its sense and meaning.”

• cites Amossy, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

When right-wing positions are qualified as morally evil and inherently perverse, the possibilities of agonistic debate are exhausted, which results in the configuration of an antagonist, an absolute enemy that must be physically or symbolically excluded in order for the legitimacy of its elimination to be accepted.

“Likewise, when right-wing positions are qualified as morally evil and inherently perverse, the possibilities of agonistic debate are exhausted, which results in the configuration of an antagonist, an absolute enemy that must be physically or symbolically excluded in order for the legitimacy of its elimination to be accepted.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This process of negative simplification involves the denial of the enemies' identity and the suspension of empathy.

“This process of negative simplification involves the denial of the enemies' identity and the suspension of empathy.”

• cites Spillmann and Spilhminn, 1991Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The characteristics, principles, traditions, and values associated with the signifier 'good' leave out those who do not adhere to them.

“The characteristics, principles, traditions, and values associated with the signifier good leave out those who do not adhere to them.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The sampling was intentional, theoretical, typological, and purposive.

“The sampling was intentional, theoretical, typological, and purposive (Hernández et al., 2014).”

• cites Hernández et al., 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The ultra-right has benefited from encouraging hatred as a political banner.

“But it is evident that the ultra-right has benefited from encouraging hatred as a political banner.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The image of enemies is constructed on mistrust due to the perception of their motives as immoral or fraudulent.

“Spillmann and Spilhminn (1991) posit that the image of enemies is constructed on mistrust due to the perception of their motives as immoral or fraudulent.”

• cites Spillmann and Spilhminn, 1991Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The representation of the enemy imbues the interpretation of political reality with meaning in Colombian society.

“Based on this description, Blair (1995) points out that the "representation of the enemy" imbues the interpretation of political reality with meaning in the Colombian society.”

• cites Blair (1995)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This strategy employs resources such as irony, mockery, pointing out contradictions, and manipulation of the citizenry.

“This strategy employs resources such as irony, mockery, the pointing out of contradictions, and the manipulation of the citizenry.”

• cites Charaudeau, 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

This perspective is absolutely disqualifying.

“This perspective is, therefore, absolutely disqualifying:”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The categorization of the participants according to their position on the peace agreement was determined by two criteria: their vote in the plebiscite and their own testimony.

“The categorization of the participants according to their position on the peace agreement (A: agreement, D: disagreement, Amb: ambivalent) was determined by two criteria: their vote in the plebiscite and their own testimony, which provided an account of their ideological position and their beliefs concerning politics.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Ideological polarization does not imply the disqualification, delegitimization, or elimination (either symbolic or real) of the adversary.

“It does not imply the disqualification, delegitimization, or elimination (either symbolic or real) of the adversary.”

• cites Amossy, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kessler & Vommaro, 2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Mouffe 2011, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The interviews were conducted in each city until each of the categories was saturated.

“The interviews were conducted in each city until each of the categories was saturated.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Polarization, as outlined in the introduction, begins at this juncture.

“The argumentation presented thus far leads to the conclusion that polarization, as outlined in the introduction, begins at this juncture.”

May combine two claims.

This polarization ends up obstructing peacebuilding efforts and affecting democratic processes.

“This polarization ends up obstructing peacebuilding efforts and affecting democratic processes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Enemies are held responsible for the negative things that have happened in the past, are happening in the present, and are to happen in the future.

“For this reason, they are held responsible for the negative things that have happened in the past, are happening in the present, and are to happen in the future.”

• cites Spillmann and Spilhminn, 1991Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Enemies are labeled as an evil target that must be destroyed.

“Consequently, they are labeled as an evil target that must be destroyed.”

• cites Spillmann and Spilhminn, 1991Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The aim is to configure their ethos.

“In other words, the aim is to configure their ethos.”

• cites Charaudeau, 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

All the information corresponding to the Polarization category was triangulated to construct the discussion and conclusions.

“Finally, in dialogue with the theoretical framework and background, all the information corresponding to the Polarization category was triangulated to construct the discussion and conclusions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Enemies are attributed with a negative attitude due to the assumption that they would always have the intention of harming their own group.

“They are attributed with a negative attitude due to the assumption that they would always have the intention of harming their own group.”

• cites Spillmann and Spilhminn, 1991Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Their elimination, both symbolic and real, is justified.

“As a result, their elimination, both symbolic and real, is justified.”

• cites Spillmann and Spilhminn, 1991Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In the Colombian context, this has been manifested in various forms of symbolic and direct violence as a consequence of the historical partisan division that has hindered the construction of an inclusive democracy.

“However, in the Colombian context, this has been manifested in various forms of symbolic and direct violence as a consequence of the historical partisan division that has hindered the construction of an inclusive democracy.”

May combine two claims.

Consequently, the left is disqualified and excluded from access to power or from having sufficient governability in case of gaining access to it.

“Consequently, it is disqualified and excluded from access to power or from having sufficient governability in case of gaining access to it.”

May combine two claims.

The possibility of building a democracy open to agonistic debate is broken, and a scenario of antagonistic confrontation has materialized, which is both a cause and a consequence of the militarization of daily life resulting from the socio-political conflict in Colombia.

“The possibility of building a democracy open to agonistic debate is broken, and a scenario of antagonistic confrontation has materialized, which is both a cause and a consequence of the militarization of daily life resulting from the socio-political conflict in Colombia (Martín Beristain, 2021;García Villegas, 2020).”

• cites Martín Beristain, 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites García Villegas, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The identification of progressive and center-left positions with communism is part of a logic of historical polarization, which has been both a cause and an effect of the armed conflict.

“The identification of progressive and center-left positions with communism is also part of a logic of historical polarization, which has been both a cause and an effect of the armed conflict (Martín Beristain, 2021; Commission for the Elucidation of Truth, 2022):”

• cites Martín Beristain, 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Commission for the Elucidation of Truth, 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to Blanco (2007), the first step in this process is categorization and social distance.

“According to Blanco (2007), the first step in this process is categorization and social distance.”

• cites Blanco (2007)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

This discourse continues to offer electoral benefits to the right-wing parties, as a significant portion of the population assimilates and repeats it in an unreflective and systematic manner.

“This discourse continues to offer electoral benefits to the right-wing parties, as a significant portion of the population assimilates and repeats it in an unreflective and systematic manner:”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In an exclusive logic, the objectives of those who militate on the left are not recognized or legitimized.

“In an exclusive logic, the objectives of those who militate on the left are not recognized or legitimized:”

May combine two claims.

This results in the other being read with suspicion, distrust, and fear, which in turn initiates a process of discrimination that disqualifies their ideas, attitudes, intentions, and actions.

“This results in the other being read with suspicion, distrust, and fear, which in turn initiates a process of discrimination that disqualifies their ideas, attitudes, intentions, and actions.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This scenario refers to social beliefs and group norms, values, goals, and ideologies that foster differentiation and in-group favoritism.

“This scenario refers to social beliefs and group norms, values, goals, and ideologies that foster differentiation and in-group favoritism (Bar Tal, 1996;Tajfel, 1984).”

• cites Bar Tal, 1996Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Tajfel, 1984Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The interviewees consider their value statements about the in-group and the out-group valid and true and disseminate them as discourses.

“Therefore, since they consider that their value statements-irrespective of their nature-regarding the in-group and the out-group are valid and true, they disseminate them as discourses (Foucault, 2019).”

• cites Foucault, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The left-right dichotomization simplifies the political conflict by reducing it to a confrontation between good and evil.

“The left-right dichotomization simplifies the political conflict by reducing it to a confrontation between good and evil.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

This situation questions the interests at stake and the reasons behind the perpetuation of conflict.

“This situation questions the interests at stake and the reasons behind the perpetuation of conflict.”

May combine two claims.

This simplification prevents a constructive dialogue and fosters dispute instead of negotiation and consensus.

“In turn, this simplification prevents a constructive dialogue to take place and fosters dispute instead of negotiation and consensus.”

May combine two claims.

Such polarization leads to violent conflict resolution, authorizing disqualifying and delegitimizing practices and the actual or symbolic elimination of each other, hindering peacebuilding, democracy, and reconciliation.

“Such condition leads to a violent conflict resolution, as it authorizes not only disqualifying and delegitimizing practices but, above all, the actual or symbolic elimination of each other, hindering and obstructing peacebuilding, democracy, and reconciliation.”

May combine two claims.

These naturalized practices block paths to authentic democracy and reinforce logics of exclusion and violence foundational of the Colombian armed conflict.

“Additionally, rhetoric resources of mockery, ad hominem attacks, and promotion of negative emotions become naturalized political practices, blocking paths to authentic democracy and reinforcing logics of exclusion and violence, which have been foundational of the Colombian armed conflict.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Invisible actors draw many economic and political benefits from lingering violence and polarization in the conflict scenario.

“Invisible actors draw many economic and political benefits from lingering violence and polarization in the conflict scenario, which questions the interests at risk and the reasons behind the continuity of conflict.”

May combine two claims.

Political polarization feeds on armed conflict and vice versa, creating a cycle that perpetuates confrontation and division within Colombian society and obstructs the construction of stable and comprehensive participatory democracy.

“Political polarization feeds on armed conflict and vice versa, creating a cycle that perpetuates confrontation and division within Colombian society and obstructs the construction of stable and comprehensive participatory democracy.”

May combine two claims.

Perpetuation of the armed conflict, political polarization, and influence of invisible actors pose significant challenges to peacebuilding and democratic stability in Colombia.

“Perpetuation of the armed conflict, political polarization, and influence of invisible actors pose significant challenges to peacebuilding and democratic stability in the country.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The dynamics of biased construction throughout history play a pivotal role in the worsening of political polarization in the country.

“The dynamics of biased construction throughout history play a pivotal role in the worsening of political polarization in the country.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

This reality is the product of a deliberate media effort.

“However, this reality is the product of a deliberate media effort.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

This study offers a deep understanding of how manipulation and distortion of information by the media contribute to polarization, as they confuse and disinform the public opinion.

“This study offers a deep understanding of how manipulation and distortion of information by the media contribute to polarization, as they confuse and disinform the public opinion.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Their aim is to convince people that the motives of certain actors are altruistic, even when crimes against humanity are committed, when human rights are infringed, and when constitutional rules are disregarded.

“Their aim is to convince people that the motives of certain actors are altruistic, even when crimes against humanity are committed, when human rights are infringed, and when constitutional rules are disregarded.”

May combine two claims.

During the history of Colombia, profiling opponents has aimed at delegitimizing, disqualifying, and eradicating their ideas and essence, resulting in political exclusion and physical elimination of adversaries.

“During the history of Colombia, this profiling has aimed at delegitimizing, disqualifying, and eradicating the ideas and essence of each other, resulting in political exclusion and physical elimination of adversaries (García Villegas, 2020; Villa & Sarmiento, 2023).”

• cites García Villegas, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Villa & Sarmiento, 2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Relating opponents to evil and finger-pointing them as its origin makes them cease to be worthy of trust and empathy, ruling out the possibility of a critical and collaborative approach for peacebuilding and democracy.

“By relating opponents to evil and by finger-pointing them as its origin, they cease to be worthy of trust and empathy, ruling out the possibility of a critical and collaborative approach for peacebuilding and democracy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

It shows the existence of forces that benefit from this polarization, fostering radical and extremist ideological systems that fuel confrontation and division within society.

“In addition, it shows the existence of forces that benefit from this polarization, fostering radical and extremist ideological systems that fuel confrontation and division within society.”

May combine two claims.

This emotional polarization hinders peacebuilding and democracy, as it legitimizes symbolic and direct violence.

“This hinders peacebuilding and democracy, as it legitimizes symbolic and direct violence.”

May combine two claims.

These psychosocial repertoires have been employed across the globe to strengthen extremist ideological systems based on a reality distorted by the media, leading to confusion, disinformation, and polarization of public opinion.

“These psychosocial repertoires have been employed across the globe to strengthen extremist ideological systems based on a reality distorted by the media, leading to confusion, disinformation, and polarization of the public opinion (Rojas Bolaños et al., 2020).”

• cites Rojas Bolaños et al., 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

There is no interest in dealing with conflicts by means of democracy and negotiation but in strategically increasing social division.

“There is no interest in dealing with conflicts by means of democracy and negotiation but in strategically increasing social division.”

May combine two claims.

Polarization is not limited to ideological discussions but entails the configuration of the opponent as an absolute enemy, bolstering a landscape of antagonistic confrontation rooted throughout the violent history of Colombia.

“Not only is polarization limited to ideological discussions, but it entails the configuration of the opponent as absolute enemy, bolstering a landscape of antagonistic confrontation that has taken root throughout the violent history of Colombia.”

May combine two claims.

Polarization is used as a tool to preserve and consolidate economic and political power, encouraging confrontation and division between different sectors in society.

“This polarization is used as a tool to preserve and consolidate economic and political power, encouraging confrontation and division between different sectors in society.”