Heinz body anemia in a dog that had been sprayed with skunk musk
Open accessAbstract
A 5-year-old pit bull-type dog was examined because of lethargy and black feces, and a presumptive diagnosis of methemoglobinemia was made on the basis of grossly visible brown discoloration of the mucous membranes and urine. Heinz body formation was seen on examination of blood smears, and severe anemia developed 3 days later. The dog did not have any history of exposure to toxins or drugs that have been associated with Heinz body formation. The only remarkable historical finding was that the dog had been wandering loose the day prior to initial examination and returned home smelling strongly of skunk spray. Skunk spray contains thiols and other compounds that are strong oxidizing agents. It was speculated that the methemoglobinemia and Heinz body anemia were a result of exposure to these compounds. Skunk interactions with dogs usually have malodorous but otherwise harmless results. However, findings in this dog suggest that more serious consequences may develop in isolated cases.
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Cites
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Claims the paper makes
2 of 24 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation§ Heinz body anemia in a dog that had been sprayed with skunk musk
Other compounds that cause oxidative damage to mammalian RBCs, such as propylene glycol and phenylhydrazine, appear to act in a concentration- or dose-dependent manner.
“Other compounds that have been shown to cause oxidative damage to mammalian RBCs, such as propylene glycol and phenylhydrazine, appear to do so in a concentration-or dose-dependent manner.[14][15][16]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked - Findingown data
Most RBCs contained a single large dark round protrusion consistent with a Heinz body.
“Most of the RBCs contained a single, large, darkly staining round protrusion compatible with a Heinz body”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
A blood smear examined microscopically contained many Heinz bodies.
“Microscopic examination of a blood smear revealed numerous Heinz bodies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
A Wright-Giemsa stained blood smear showed RBCs with many Heinz bodies.
“Examination of a blood smear stained with Wright-Giemsa stain revealed RBCs with large numbers of Heinz bodies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Three days later, the hematocrit had decreased to 15%.
“Hematocrit had decreased to 15%.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingreasoning§ Heinz body anemia in a dog that had been sprayed with skunk musk
The dog's only definitive historical finding was an encounter with a skunk one day before methemoglobinemia was identified.
“The only definitive historical finding for the dog described in the present report was its encounter with a skunk the day before the methemoglobinemia was identified.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Heinz body anemia in a dog that had been sprayed with skunk musk
None of those clinical signs were identified in this dog.
“none of which were identified in this dog.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
A brilliant cresyl blue stained smear confirmed Heinz bodies.
“A smear was stained with brilliant cresyl blue stain to confirm the presence of Heinz bodies”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given§ Heinz body anemia in a dog that had been sprayed with skunk musk
It was not possible to definitively identify the sticky substance on the dog's coat as creosote.
“the sticky material on the dog' s coat could not be definitively identified as creosote.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Heinz body anemia in a dog that had been sprayed with skunk musk
Typical signs of creosote ingestion include oral ulcers, skin irritation, excessive salivation, vomiting, muscle fasciculations, and other clinical signs.
“creosote ingestion is typically associated with oral ulceration, skin irritation, hypersalivation, vomiting, muscle fasciculations, and other clinical signs”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [8]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Heinz body anemia in a dog that had been sprayed with skunk musk
Later severe anemia was thought to be caused by the formation of many Heinz bodies.
“The severe anemia that subsequently developed was suspected to be a result of formation of large numbers of Heinz bodies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Creosote ingestion was considered unlikely.
“making creosote ingestion unlikely”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
The dog was diagnosed with Heinz body anemia.
“a diagnosis of Heinz body anemia was made”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Heinz body anemia in a dog that had been sprayed with skunk musk
Heinz bodies can also form via reversible and irreversible hemichromes, which are degradation products of methemoglobin.
“Heinz bodies can also be formed through the production of reversible and irreversible hemichromes, which are methemoglobin degradation products.4”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Heinz body anemia in a dog that had been sprayed with skunk musk
A redox reaction between thiols and oxyhemoglobin can produce methemoglobin, thiyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide.
“thiols can potentially react with oxyhemoglobin in a redox reaction, forming methemoglobin, thiyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide.12”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] source
- Premisecitation§ Heinz body anemia in a dog that had been sprayed with skunk musk
Anecdotal reports describe illness or death in dogs with higher dose or greater exposure, such as small dogs caught in skunk holes.
“there are anecdotal reports a of illness or death in dogs that received a higher dose or greater exposure, such as small dogs (eg, Jack Russell Terriers) caught in skunk holes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Heinz body anemia in a dog that had been sprayed with skunk musk
The authors propose that the dog's suspected methemoglobinemia and Heinz body formation resulted from exposure to thiols in skunk spray.
“We propose that the suspected methemoglobinemia and Heinz body formation in this dog were a result of exposure to thiols contained in skunk spray.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: No studies have been published on the effects of skunk spray on mammalian red blood cells.
- Premisecitation§ Heinz body anemia in a dog that had been sprayed with skunk musk
These compounds can react with susceptible sulfhydryl groups on hemoglobin globin chains, producing Heinz bodies.
“These compounds can react with susceptible sulfhydryl groups on the globin chains of hemoglobin, thereby producing Heinz bodies.1,4”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [1]
- cites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 11
- May combine two claims. 14
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Heinz body anemia in a dog that had been sprayed with skunk muskIn dogs, Heinz bodies can reportedly form after exposure to onions, garlic, coal tar derivatives, acetaminophen, benzocaine anesthetics, hydrogen peroxide, vitamin K1, vitamin K3, naphthalene, phenylhydrazine, or zinc.
“In dogs, Heinz bodies can reportedly 1-5 form following exposure to onions, garlic, coal tar derivatives (eg, ecabapide and nitrotoluene analogs), acetaminophen, benzocaine-containing anesthetics, hydrogen peroxide, vitamin K 1 , vitamin K 3 , naphthalene, phenylhydrazine, or zinc.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 5 sources checked- cites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [2] source
The Discussion (p. 13) reports increased Heinz body formation in dogs given ecabapide, supporting that example. The paper does not establish the other listed exposures as causes of Heinz body formation in dogs; its Introduction (p. 1) also identifies ecabapide as a substituted benzamide, not a coal tar derivative. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [5] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataPhysical examination revealed material on the dog's hair that resembled creosote from nearby railroad ties.
“On physical examination, the attending veterinarian noticed some material on the dog' s hair that was reminiscent of creosote from nearby railroad ties.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone givenThe patient's PCV stabilized and gradually returned to the reference range.
“The patient' s PCV stabilized and gradually returned to reference range.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe dog's mucous membranes were brown and muddy, and its urine was brown.
“The mucous membranes were brown and muddy”
- Also stated in: another passage · plain
“The urine was brown.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Also stated in: another passage · plain
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe patient was a 5-year-old spayed female pit bull-type dog evaluated for lethargy and black stool.
“A 5-year-old spayed female pit bull-type dog was examined because of lethargy and black feces.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe owner reported that the dog had roamed loose the day before and came home with a strong skunk spray odor.
“According to the owner, the dog had been wandering loose the previous day and had returned home smelling strongly of skunk spray.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe dog had no history of exposure to onions or garlic, acetaminophen, or vitamin K.
“According to the owner, however, the dog had not been exposed to onions or garlic, and there was no history of acetaminophen or vitamin K administration.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThere was no blistering or inflammation of the mucous membranes.
“However, no blistering or inflammation of the mucous membranes was evident”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Heinz body anemia in a dog that had been sprayed with skunk muskCreosote exposure has been reported to cause methemoglobinemia and Heinz body anemia in humans.
“exposure to creosote has been reported 6,7 to cause methemoglobinemia and Heinz body anemia in humans.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [6]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [7]
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Heinz body anemia in a dog that had been sprayed with skunk muskThiols and other strongly oxidizing compounds are present in skunk musk.
“Skunk musk contains thiols and other compounds that are strong oxidizing agents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Premisereasoning§ Heinz body anemia in a dog that had been sprayed with skunk muskDogs exposed to skunk spray can develop methemoglobinemia and Heinz body anemia.
“Dogs that have been sprayed with skunk musk may develop methemoglobinemia and Heinz body anemia.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataMethemoglobinemia and methemoglobinuria were suspected and later diagnosed in this dog based on the brown color of the mucous membranes and urine.
“Methemoglobinemia and methemoglobinuria were suspected because of the brown discoloration of the mucous membranes and urine.”
- Also stated in: § Heinz body anemia in a dog that had been sprayed with skunk musk · plain
“In this dog, a diagnosis of methemoglobinemia and methemoglobinuria was made by the attending veterinarian on the basis of the brown discoloration of the mucous membranes and urine.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Heinz body anemia in a dog that had been sprayed with skunk musk · plain
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Heinz body anemia in a dog that had been sprayed with skunk muskThiyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide are highly reactive and can trigger a cascade of reactions that forms superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide.
“Thiyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide are highly reactive and can precipitate a cascade of chemical reactions resulting in the formation of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationreasoning§ Heinz body anemia in a dog that had been sprayed with skunk muskIt is possible that non-thiol compounds in skunk spray, such as disulfides, also act as pro-oxidants and cause Heinz body formation.
“it is possible that compounds other than thiols (eg, disulfides) contained in skunk spray could also act as pro-oxidants and lead to Heinz body formation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationreasoning§ Heinz body anemia in a dog that had been sprayed with skunk muskThe dog in this report may have received a higher-than-usual dose of skunk spray.
“Thus, it may be possible that the dog described in the present report received a higher-than-usual dose of skunk spray.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The offensive nature of skunk musk is sufficient to repel most dogs after a relatively small amount is sprayed onto the face and coat.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Heinz body anemia in a dog that had been sprayed with skunk muskIrreversible hemichromes destabilize the RBC membrane skeleton by interfering with spectrin-protein 4.1-actin complexes, increasing RBC destruction.
“Irreversible hemichromes have also been shown to destabilize the RBC membrane skeleton by interfering with formation of spectrin-protein 4.1-actin complexes, leading to increased RBC destruction.13”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Heinz body anemia in a dog that had been sprayed with skunk muskThe Heinz bodies in this dog may have resulted from oxidative damage by various skunk spray compounds and from methemoglobin degradation.
“Thus, the Heinz bodies seen in the dog described in the present report may have been a result of oxidative damage caused by various compounds in skunk spray and of methemoglobin degradation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Heinz body anemia in a dog that had been sprayed with skunk muskIn striped, hooded, and hog-nosed skunks, (E)-2-butene-1-thiol is a major volatile component of the spray.
“(E)-2butene-1-thiol has been shown to be a major volatile component, at least in striped, hooded, and hog-nosed skunks.10,11”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Heinz body anemia in a dog that had been sprayed with skunk muskSkunk spray compounds could likewise affect RBCs in a concentration- or dose-dependent way, which may explain why Heinz body anemia is relatively infrequent in sprayed dogs.
“Compounds contained in skunk spray could similarly have concentration-or dose-dependent effects on RBCs, thereby accounting for the relative infrequency of Heinz body anemia in dogs that have been sprayed with skunk musk.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisenone given§ Heinz body anemia in a dog that had been sprayed with skunk muskEvery skunk produces a foul-smelling defensive secretion, and its characteristic odor is attributed to volatile thiol compounds.
“All skunks produce a malodorous defensive secretion, the characteristic smell of which is attributed to certain volatile thiol compounds.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
No studies have been published on the effects of skunk spray on mammalian red blood cells.
“To our knowledge, studies of the effects of skunk spray on mammalian RBCs have not been published.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The offensive nature of skunk musk is sufficient to repel most dogs after a relatively small amount is sprayed onto the face and coat.
“The offensive nature of skunk musk is sufficient to repel most dogs after a relatively small amount is sprayed onto the face and coat.”
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- Authors
- Zaks, K. L., Tan, E. O., & Thrall, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Colorado State University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
- Published
- 2005-05-01
- Volume
- 226
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1516-1518
- ISSN
- 0003-1488 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2058223070
- Semantic Scholar
- eefac4ee908c853bc1b42825938e8e176b10ea08
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Methemoglobinemia and Tumor Lysis Syndrome
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Poisoning and overdose treatments
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary Medicine and Surgery
- Keywords
- methemoglobinemia, thiols, oxidizing agents, pit bulls, canine toxicosis
- MeSH terms
- Acute Disease, Anemia, Animals, Blood Transfusion, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Female, Heinz Bodies, Methemoglobin, Methemoglobinemia, Mephitidae, Treatment Outcome
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