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Cited by 26Sport Psychology and PerformanceSports and Physical Education ResearchMotor Control and Adaptation

Effects of Focus of Attention and Type of Practice on Learning and Self-Efficacy in Dart Throwing

Shafizadeh, Mohsen, Platt, Geoffrey K., Bahram, Abbas·2013·Perceptual and Motor Skills
DOI 10.2466/25.30.pms.117x12z5
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Abstract

The present investigation studied the effect of focus of attention and type of practice on self-efficacy and learning during a demonstration of the dart-throwing skill. 48 university students ( M = 22.5 yr., SD = 3.6) without any experience of dart throwing were divided into four groups according to the type of practice (physical and observational) and focus of attention (internal and external) and practiced a dart-throwing task. Self-efficacy in dart throwing was measured at the pre-test, acquisition, and transfer phases. The internal-focus group concentrated on their limb function, whereas the external-focus group concentrated on the darts and the target during the demonstration. Observational groups only watched during the acquisition phase, then performed the task in the retention and transfer phases. There was a main effect of focus of attention in the retention and transfer phases after controlling self-efficacy, with external focus groups showing higher performance than internal focus groups. External focus of attention could facilitate the acquisition of a motor skill during observation and may build and/or be supported by self-efficacy.

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  • External attentional focus contributes to enhanced expectancies for positive outcomes.

    “Furthermore, by reliably producing more successful performance outcomes and ease of movement as noted above, an external attentional focus contributes to enhanced expectancies for positive outcomes (Pascua, Wulf, and Lewthwaite, 2015;Shafizadeh, Platt, & Bahram, 2013;Wulf, Chiviacowsky, & Cardozo, 2014) through mechanisms described in earlier sections.”

    From Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (2016) · cites this paper as Shafizadeh, Platt, & Bahram, 2013

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Authors
Shafizadeh, M., Platt, G. K., & Bahram, A.
Affiliations
  • Sheffield Hallam University (GB)
  • University of Edinburgh (GB)
  • Kharazmi University (IR)
Corresponding author
Shafizadeh, Mohsen
ORCID
Venue
Perceptual and Motor Skills
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2013-08
Volume
117
Issue
1
Pages
182-192
ISSN
  • 0031-5125 (ISSN-L)
  • 1558-688X
DOI
10.2466/25.30.pms.117x12z5
OpenAlex
W2130650536
Cited by
26
References
22
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4
FWCI
3.44
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Perceptual and Motor Skills (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • SHURA (Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive) (Sheffield Hallam University) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Sports and Physical Education Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
Keywords
dart throwing, attentional focus, external focus, internal focus, observational practice, motor skill learning, self-efficacy, motor skill transfer, motor skill retention
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Attention, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Motor Skills, Orientation, Practice, Psychological, Psychomotor Performance, Retention, Psychology, Transfer, Psychology, Self Efficacy, Athletic Performance, Young Adult

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