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Cited by 23Lower Extremity Biomechanics and PathologiesKnee injuries and reconstruction techniquesSports Dynamics and Biomechanics

Alterations in three-dimensional knee kinematics and kinetics during neutral, squeeze and outward squat

Open access
Han, Shuyang, Ge, Shirong, Liu, Hongtao, Liu, Rong·2013·Journal of Human Kinetics
DOI 10.2478/hukin-2013-0068PMC PMC3916928
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Abstract

The squat exercise was usually performed with varying feet and hip angles by different populations. The objective of this study was to compare and contrast the three-dimensional knee angles, moments, and forces during dynamic squat exercises with varying feet and hip angles. Lower extremity motions and ground reaction forces for fifteen healthy subjects (9 females and 6 males) were recorded while performing the squat with feet pointing straight ahead (neutral squat), 30º feet adduction (squeeze squat) and 30º feet abduction (outward squat). Nonparametric procedures were used to detect differences in the interested measures between the conditions. No significant difference in three-dimensional peak knee angles was observed for three squat exercises (p>0.05), however, the overall tendency of knee rotations was affected by varying feet and hip positions. During the whole cycle, the outward squat mainly displayed adduction moments, while the neutral and squeeze squat demonstrated abduction moments. Peak abduction moments were significantly affected by feet positions (p<0.05). Moreover, the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint forces progressively increased as knee flexed and decreased as knee extended, yet peak forces were not affected by varying feet positions (p>0.05). In conclusion, a neutral position is recommended to perform the squat exercise, while the squeeze squat and outward squat might contribute to the occurrence of joint pathologies.

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  • Forward inclination of the trunk can be obtained through flexion of the hip or flexion of the lumbar spine.

    “It should be noted however, that forward inclination of the trunk can be obtained through flexion of the hip or flexion of the lumbar spine (Figure 2).13”

    From A Biomechanical Review of the Squat Exercise: Implications for Clinical Practice. (2024) · cites this paper as [13]

    The Results and Discussion passages address knee motion and forces during squat variations, not how forward trunk inclination is produced. Searches for trunk inclination, hip versus lumbar flexion, and “lumbar” found no passage in our copy addressing that distinction. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Han, S., Ge, S., Liu, H., & Liu, R.
Affiliations
China University of Mining and Technology (CN)
Corresponding author
Han, Shuyang
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Human Kinetics
Publisher
Termedia Sp. z.o.o.
Published
2013-12-01
Volume
39
Issue
1
Pages
59-66
ISSN
  • 1640-5544 (ISSN-L)
  • 1899-7562
DOI
10.2478/hukin-2013-0068
PMC
PMC3916928
OpenAlex
W2105519402
Cited by
23
References
31
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1
FWCI
0.37
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Journal of Human Kinetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (51075387, 30810103908)
  • Shanghai Jiao Tong University
  • Graduate Research and Innovation Projects of Jiangsu Province
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Knee injuries and reconstruction techniques
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Sports Dynamics and Biomechanics
Keywords
squatting, knee kinematics, knee kinetics, knee joint moments, hip position, ground reaction force, joint pathology

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