Health problems in cold work

MÄKINEN, Tiina M.; HASSI, Juhani

doi:10.2486/indhealth.47.207

Cited by 166Occupational Health and Safety in WorkplacesThermoregulation and physiological responsesWorkplace Health and Well-being

Health problems in cold work

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MÄKINEN, Tiina M., HASSI, Juhani·2009·Industrial Health

DOI 10.2486/indhealth.47.207

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Abstract

Cold in- and outdoor work can result in different adverse effects on human health. Health problems decrease performance and work productivity and increase the occurrence of accidents and injuries. Serious health problems can also result in absence from work due to sick leave or hospitalization. At its worst, work in cold conditions could be associated with deaths due to cold-related accidents or a sudden health event. Musculoskeletal complaints, like pain, aches etc. are common in indoor cold work. Breathing cold air while working may lead to respiratory symptoms, which can decrease performance in cold. The symptoms are usually worsened by exercise and ageing, being more common in persons having a respiratory disease. Cardiovascular complaints and related performance decrements could be especially pronounced during work in cold weather and involving physical exercise, especially among those with an underlying cardiovascular disease. The article also reviews the current information related to diabetes, skin disorders and diseases, as well as cold injuries and accidents occurring in cold work. Increasing awareness and identifying workplace- and individual-related cold risks is the first step in proper cold risk management. Following this, the susceptible population groups need customized advice on proper prevention and protection in cold work.

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Cold environments or lengthy exposures can cause dry skin conditions or aggravate common dermatoses, such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.
“These are especially true for those who work in cold environments or where being outside in cold temperatures with lengthy exposures can cause dry skin conditions or aggravate common dermatoses, such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis [27].”
From Equol’s Anti-Aging Effects Protect against Environmental Assaults by Increasing Skin Antioxidant Defense and ECM Proteins While Decreasing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation (2018) · cites this paper as [27]

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Ti3C2Tx MXene-Decorated Nanoporous Polyethylene Textile for Passive and Active Personal Precision Heating
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The effects of ambient temperatures on the risk of work-related injuries and illnesses: Evidence from Adelaide, Australia 2003–2013
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“Cold exposure can result in decreased performance, increased morbidity, and mortality and increased rates of injuries causing different types of functional limitations, sick leaves, hospitalization, and in the worst case, death (1, 4, 5).”
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Tailor‐Made White Photothermal Fabrics: A Bridge between Pragmatism and Aesthetic
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Practicing Sport in Cold Environments: Practical Recommendations to Improve Sport Performance and Reduce Negative Health Outcomes
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Air temperature exposure and outdoor occupational injuries: a significant cold effect in Central Italy
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Socio-Economic Impact of and Adaptation to Extreme Heat and Cold of Farmers in the Food Bowl of Nepal
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A digital tool for prevention and management of cold weather injuries—Cold Weather Ensemble Decision Aid (CoWEDA)
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Effects of Air Velocity and Clothing Combination on Heating Efficiency of an Electrically Heated Vest (EHV): A Pilot Study
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Neurovascular hand symptoms in relation to cold exposure in northern Sweden: a population-based study
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Estimating personal ambient temperature in moderately cold environments for occupationally exposed populations
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“…a local reduction of the skin temperature (e.g. nose, ears, cheeks, chin, fingers or toes) leading to non-freezing (trench foot, chilblains) or freezing (frostbite) cold injuries (Keim, Giusto, and Sullivan 2002; Mäkinen and Hassi 2009; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 2012).”
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Activation of Inflammatory Networks in the Lungs Caused by Chronic Cold Stress Is Moderately Attenuated by Glucose Supplementation
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Short- and Long-Term Health Challenges of Transportation Workforce due to Extreme Weather Conditions
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Physical, Mental, and Emotional Health of Construction Field Labors Working in Extreme Weather Conditions: Challenges and Overcoming Strategies
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Prevalence of cold‐related musculoskeletal pain according to self‐reported threshold temperature among the F innish adult population
Pienimäki, T., Karppinen, J. I., Rintamäki, H., Borodulin, K., Laatikainen, T. K., Jousilahti, P., Hassi, J., & Näyhä, S. (2013) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00368.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Studies conducted in selected groups, such as occupations (Pienimäki, 2002; Piedrahita et al., 2008; Mäkinen and Hassi, 2009; Sormunen et al., 2009) or individuals suffering from specific musculoskeletal conditions (Lapossy et al., 1994; Gorin et al., 1999; Hawley et al., 2001), have given variable…”
Background
Occupational cold exposure is associated with neck pain, low back pain, and lumbar radiculopathy
Stjernbrandt, A., & Farbu, E. H. (2022) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2022.2027030 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Environmental factors and their impact on chronic pain development and maintenance
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Influence of severe cold thermal environment on core and skin temperatures: A systematic review
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Influential
A century of exercise physiology: concepts that ignited the study of human thermoregulation. Part 3: Heat and cold tolerance during exercise
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Novel methods for cold exposure of skeletal muscle in vivo and in vitro show temperature-dependent myokine production
Krapf, S. A., Schjølberg, T., Asoawe, L., Honkanen, S. K., Kase, E. T., Thoresen, G. H., & Haugen, F. (2021) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102930 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Human adaptative behavior to Antarctic conditions: A review of physiological aspects
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Do exposure to outdoor temperatures, NO 2 and PM 10 affect the work-related injuries risk? A case-crossover study in three Italian cities, 2001–2010
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An IoT-based Occupational Safety Management System in Cold Storage Facilities
Tsang, Y. P., Choy, K. L., Poon, T. C., Ho, G. T. S., Wu, C. H., Lam, H. Y., Koo, P. S., & Ho, H. (2016) · International Workshop of Advanced Manufacturing and Automation (IWAMA) · doi:10.2991/iwama-16.2016.2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The usability of ClimApp: A personalized thermal stress warning tool
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How Reindeer Herders Cope with Harsh Winter Conditions in Northern Finland: Insights from an Interview Study
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The association between cold exposure and musculoskeletal disorders: a prospective population-based study
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“However, it has been suggested that occupational cold exposure could be an additional risk factor for developing NSP and LBP (Pienimäki 2002; Mäkinen and Hassi 2009; Farbu et al.”
Background
Cooler break areas: Reducing heat stress among construction workers in Japan
Kawakami, R., HASEBE, H., Yamamoto, Y., Yoda, S., Takeuchi, G., Ryuji, A. B. E., Tosaka, Y., & Nomura, Y. (2024) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111821 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Occupational Diseases in Workers of Copper and Nickel Industry in the Kola Arctic (1989–2018)
Горбанев, С. А., & Сюрин, С. А. (2020) · ЗДОРОВЬЕ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ И СРЕДА ОБИТАНИЯ - ЗНиСО / PUBLIC HEALTH AND LIFE ENVIRONMENT · doi:10.35627/2219-5238/2020-331-10-22-27 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A systematic literature review on supply chain approaches
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Cold-related symptoms and performance degradation among Thai poultry industry workers with reference to vulnerable groups: a cross-sectional study
Auttanate, N., Chotiphan, C., Maruo, S. J., Näyhä, S., Jussila, K., Rissanen, S., Sripaiboonkij, P., Ikäheimo, T. M., Jaakkola, J. J. K., & Phanprasit, W. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09272-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Low temperatures combined with physical loading factors may precipitate respiratory [3], cardiovascular [4], and musculoskeletal symptoms, as well as peripheral circulation disturbances, particularly in fingers and hands [5–9].”
Background
Impact of a cold wave on disease course, hemodynamics, carbohydrate metabolism, and blood rheological properties in cardiac patents
Ageev, F. T., Смирнова, М. Д., Николаевна, С. О., Фофанова, Т. В., Vitsenya, M. V., Николаевна, Б. З., Mikhailov, G. V. M., Lankin, V. Z., Георгиевна, К. Г., Tikhaze, A. K., et al. (2015) · Terapevticheskii arkhiv · doi:10.17116/terarkh201587911-16 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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“2002; Mäkinen and Hassi 2009; Millqvist et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
A numerical tool for assessing human thermal safety and thermal comfort in cold-weather activities
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“As is suggested by researchers, improving awareness is critical to cold injury protection of the public (Imray and Oakley 2005; Makinen and Hassi 2009).”
Background
Smart Wireless Charging Heating Insoles: Improving Body Thermal Comfort of Young Males in an Extremely Cold Environment
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“…morbidities have been largely limited to specific industries (Carter et al., 2005; Donoghue, 2004; Hassi et al., 2000; Jackson and Rosenberg, 2010; Makinen and Hassi, 2009), have examined associations with categories of temperature exposures and frequently have not controlled for relevant…”
BackgroundInfluential
The effects of short‐term and long‐term exposure to extreme cold environment on the body’s physiological responses: An experimental study
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Background
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“This is a problem that can affect the upper and the lower respiratory tracts and is more frequent among workers exposed to breathing air at temperatures below −20 °C (e.g., Piedrahita et al. 2008b; Mäkinen and Hassi 2009).”
Background
Diminished Cold Avoidance Behaviours after Chronic Cold Exposure – Potential Involvement of TRPM8
Ezzatpanah, S., Eriksen, M. B., Moe, A.-M. G., & Haugen, F. (2021) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.06.014 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“In many parts of the world, enduring cold exposure is an inevitable part of life while working, commuting and taking part in outdoor physical activity (Mäkinen et al., 2006; Mäkinen and Hassi, 2009; Sue-Chu, 2012).”
Background
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BackgroundInfluential
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Stjernbrandt, A., Pettersson, H., Wahlström, V., Wahlström, J., & Lewis, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2023.1063599 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The effects of cooling are subsequently modified by individual factors, including the insulating capacity of clothing, body composition, and physical activity level (13).”
BackgroundInfluential
Risk assessment of cold stress in petroleum transfer station in the northwestern regions of Iran: Subjective and field measurements
Golbabaei, F., Azrah, K., Goodarzi, Z., Ahmadi, O., & Karami, E. (2022) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103335 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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“2002; Mäkinen and Hassi 2009), both daily smoking and age were included as covariates.”
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Cold Stress
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Authors: MÄKINEN, T. M., & HASSI, J.
Affiliations: University of Oulu (FI)
Venue: Industrial Health
Publisher: National Institute of Industrial Health
Published: 2009
Volume: 47
Issue: 3
Pages: 207-220
ISSN: 0019-8366 (ISSN-L)
1880-8026
DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.47.207
OpenAlex: W2077281719
Cited by: 166
References: 120
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 12.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Industrial Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Safety in Workplaces
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
Keywords: cold working, cold exposure, musculoskeletal symptoms, cardiovascular symptoms, cold injury, diabetes mellitus, skin diseases, sick leave, labor productivity, occupational health
MeSH terms: Cold Temperature, Health Status, Humans, Occupational Exposure

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