The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 40 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cognitive Load Theory: An Empirical Study of Anxiety and Task Performance in Language Learning
Open accessAbstract
Introducción. Este estudio explora la relación entre tres variables: carga cognitiva, ansiedad hacia el idioma extranjero (IE) y, rendimiento en las tareas. La carga cognitiva hace referencia a la carga que lleva la memoria de trabajo mientras se realiza una tarea en específico. Los autores mantienen la hipótesis de que la ansiedad resta recursos a la memoria de trabajo, dejando reducida capacidad para las actividades cognitivas, e impidiendo así la eficacia.Método. Los participantes fueron 88 estudiantes matriculados en carreras de cuatro años en una universidad técnica de Taiwán. Estudiantes de filología inglesa fueron excluidos. La Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale [Escala de ansiedad en el aula de idioma extranjero] se utilizó para evaluar sus niveles de ansiedad; la Cognitive Load Subjective Rating Scale [Escala para el baremo subjetivo de la carga cognitiva] se utilizó para medir la carga cognitiva mientras realizaban una tarea de comprensión oral en inglés.Resultados. Los estudiantes con mayor ansiedad hacia el idioma extranjero también incurrían en una mayor carga cognitiva. La ansiedad hacia el IE y la carga cognitiva presentaban una correlación negativa con la comprensión oral.Discusión. Los aprendices que sufren más ansiedad incurren en una mayor carga cognitiva y consiguen peores resultados en sus exámenes. Para favorecer la eficacia del aprendizaje, se recomienda a los docentes que identifiquen las situaciones que provoquen ansiedad y que creen un ambiente de apoyo en el aprendizaje, lo que permitiría que los aprendices dedicasen los recursos de la memoria de trabajo totalmente a las tareas de aprendizaje.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The decrease in learning performance parallel to the increase in anxiety level can be explained by the shift of cognitive resources away from task-related processes toward anxiety-focused thoughts (Chen and Chang, 2009; Gullo et al., 2025).”
From Incidental vocabulary learning from digital games: the predictive role of game playing time, foreign language motivation, and anxiety (2026) · cites this paper as Chen and Chang, 2009
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information.
Miller, G. A. (1956) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0043158 · Cited by 17,812
The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information.
Miller, G. A. (1994) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.101.2.343 · Cited by 17,563
Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60452-1 · Cited by 9,860
Cognitive Architecture and Instructional Design
Sweller, J., van Merrienboer, J. J. G., & Paas, F. G. W. C. (1998) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1022193728205 · Cited by 6,023
Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety
HORWITZ, E. K., HORWITZ, M. B., & COPE, J. (1986) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1986.tb05256.x · Cited by 5,697
Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning
Bernhardt, E. B., & Krashen, S. D. (1989) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.2307/326882 · Cited by 4,605
Cognitive Load Theory and Instructional Design: Recent Developments
Paas, F., Renkl, A., & Sweller, J. (2003) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3801_1 · Cited by 3,041
Short-term retention of individual verbal items.
Peterson, L., & Peterson, M. J. (1959) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0049234 · Cited by 2,939
Anxiety and Performance: The Processing Efficiency Theory
Eysenck, M. W., & Calvo, M. G. (1992) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939208409696 · Cited by 2,661
The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning
Mayer, R. E. (2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-5643 · Cited by 2,321
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Osborne, J. (2006). Gender, stereotype threat, and anxiety: Psychophysiological and cognitive evidence. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 4(1), 109-138.
- Rost, M. (1994). Introducing listening. London : Penguin.
- In R. E. Mayer (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Sweller, J. (2007). Keynote address: Cognitive load. Paper presented at the Symposium on Cognitive Load: Theory and Applications. Fo Guang University, Yilan, Taiwan.
- Tercanlioglu, L. (2005). Pre-service EFL teachers' beliefs about foreign language learning and how they relate to gender. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 3(1), 145-162.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–144 of 144
Worked Examples in Video Lessons to Reduce Cognitive Load
Llord-Ratcliffe, K. (2014) · ScholarWorks (Walden University) · Cited by 1
Second Language Anxiety and Task Complexity
Brennan, K. A. (2016) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 2
Akbulut, S., Şimşek, B., Direkci, B., Koparan, B., Gülmez, M., Şimşek, E. E., & Kayır, G. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1798613
“The decrease in learning performance parallel to the increase in anxiety level can be explained by the shift of cognitive resources away from task-related processes toward anxiety-focused thoughts (Chen and Chang, 2009; Gullo et al., 2025).”
Limitaciones metodológicas para detectar el efecto de modalidad
Schoor, C., Bannert, M., & Jähn, V. (2011) · Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology
Ntim, S. K. (2016) · International journal of applied psychology
Chapter 2 The Method to My Madness: Using Humor and Silliness to Improve Learning
Storslee, J., & Schnackenberg, H. L. (2016) · doi:10.1201/9781315366128-3
Déniz, S. D. F., & Rodríguez, M. S. M. (2022) · IKASTORRATZA e-journal on Didactics · doi:10.37261/28_alea/1
Language Test Feedback and Learner Personality: Implications for Asian Classrooms
Burnell, K. (2022) · English language education · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91881-1_4
(2021) · دراسات تربوية ونفسية مجلة کلية التربية بالزقازيق · doi:10.21608/sec.2021.163719
زهران, ن. م. أ. (2022) · مجلة کلیة التربیة فى العلوم التربویة · doi:10.21608/jfees.2022.242785
Working memory ability and second language input learning
Zhao, H. (2022) · Journal of Education Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.54097/ehss.v3i.1541
نصار, د. ع. ا. (2022) · Al-Mağallah Al-Dawliyyaẗ Lil Taʿlim Al-Iliktirūnī · doi:10.21608/ijel.2022.271278
Lietuvių kaip svetimosios kalbos nerimas tautinių mažumų mokyklose
Miškinytė, R., & Vilkienė, L. (2023) · Pedagogika · doi:10.15823/p.2023.149.7
Working Memory and Automaticity in Relation to Mental Addition among American Elementary Students
Yu, Q., Ding, Y., Zusho, A., Chun, Z., & Wang, Y. (2023) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2023.2261284 · Cited by 2
Delimitación, visualización y metalenguaje
Carbajal-Carrera, B. (2024) · Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1075/resla.23012.car
Sharing Hand Gesture and Sketch Cues with a Touch User Interface
Huang, W., Kim, S., Billinghurst, M., & Alem, L. (2024) · doi:10.1002/9781119719830.ch9
Examining Emotional Reactions to Varied Stimuli Through Subjective Assessment Methods
Koriakina, M. M., Lukov, M., Bartseva, K. V., Nikishina, U., Fomicheva, D., Шестакова, А. Н., Blagovechtchenski, E., Pomelova, E. D., Popyvanova, A., & Ignatenko, E. (2024) · International Conference Neurotechnologies and Neurointerfaces (CNN) · doi:10.1109/cnn63506.2024.10705832
Ochoa, T. T., Pezo, P. E., Díaz, C., Navarrete, M. O., Leiva, L. R., & Lara, M. Q. (2024) · Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology · doi:10.55214/25768484.v8i6.3996
Déniz, S. D. F., & Pérez, D. G. (2023) · Tendencias pedagógicas/Tendencias pedagógicas · doi:10.15366/tp2023.41.003
SYSTEMATICS LITERATURE REVIEW: EFEKTIVITAS WORKED EXAMPLE DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA
Azizah, N., & Prihandhika, A. (2025) · JUPIKA JURNAL PENDIDIKAN MATEMATIKA · doi:10.37478/jupika.v8i1.5407
(2025) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.18.prelim
(2025) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.18.refs
(2025) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.18.c7
What is second language cognitive task complexity?
(2025) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.18.c4
(2025) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.18.toc
(2025) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.18.index
(2025) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.18.ack
(2025) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.18.c8
(2025) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.18.c3
Introduction to second language cognitive task complexity research
(2025) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.18.c1
(2025) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.18.ded
Research synthetic approach and methods
(2025) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.18.c2
(2025) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.18.pre
Measuring the effects of second language cognitive task complexity
Sasayama, S., Malicka, A., & Norris, J. M. (2025) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.18.c6
(2025) · Task-based language teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.18.c5
Izhraqi, M. A., Mian, M. N., Marcus, N., & Mohammadi, G. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6888326/v1
Davaribina, M., & Varghaei, E. (2025) · Psychology of Language and Communication · doi:10.58734/plc-2025-0016
López‐García, A., & Urquiza‐Fuentes, J. (2026) · Etic net Revista científica electrónica de Educación y Comunicación en la Sociedad del Conocimiento · doi:10.30827/eticanet.v26i1.31934
Zhang, X. (2026) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0587.pub2
Leeuwestein, H., Küpers, E., Boelhouwer, M., & van Dijk, M. (2026) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.70047
Joo, D., & Kim, Y. (2026) · Language Teaching for Young Learners · doi:10.1075/ltyl.25064.joo
Research on the impact of artificial intelligence on EFL learners’ foreign language anxiety
Wang, S., Cui, Y., & Pan, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1847269 · Cited by 1
Cooper, C., & Sanoudaki, E. (2026) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2026.2745278
Metadata
- Authors
- Chen, I.-J., & Chang, C.-C.
- Affiliations
- Takming University of Science and Technology (TW)
- National Taiwan Normal University (TW)
- ORCID
- Chang, Chi-Cheng
- Venue
- Electronic Journal of Research in Education Psychology
- Publisher
- Editorial Universidad de Almeria
- Published
- 2017-11-13
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 18
- ISSN
- 1696-2095 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2144839322
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8
- FWCI
- 46.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- es
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Repositorio de Patentes de la Universidad de Almería (Universidad de Almería) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Communication in Education and Healthcare
- Keywords
- cognitive load theory, foreign language classroom anxiety, working memory, task performance, oral comprehension, English as a foreign language, university students, learning support environment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review